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. 2022 Oct 6;10:921239. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.921239

Table 1.

Vote counting based on the direction of the relationship between lead concentration and red blood cell parameters.

Reference Study Sample size Study quality RBC count
(n = 7)
HCT
(n = 8)
HB
(n = 33)
MCV
(n = 9)
MCH
(n = 8)
MCHC
(n = 7)
RDW
(n = 5)
(23) Guo et al. 2021 17486 Good
(24) Hegazy et al. 2010 60 Good
(30) Kutllovci-Zogaj et al. 2014 250 Good
(32) Liu et al. 2012 140 Good
(35) Mitra et al. 2012 559 Good
(38) Ngueta, 2016 3799 Good
(41) Rondó et al. 2011 384 Good
(47) Zolaly et al. 2012 235 Good
(51) Irawati et al. 2022 128 Fair
(26) Keramati et al. 2013 223 Fair
(27) Khan et al. 2010 246 Fair
(31) Li et al. 2018 743 Fair
(33) Liu et al. 2015 855 Fair
(42) Ruiz-Tudela et al. 2021 1427 Fair
(45) Wang et al. 2012 4429 Fair
(46) Ye et al. 2015 1047 Fair
(20) Alvarez-Ortega et al. 2017 118 Poor
(21) Alvarez-Ortega et al. 2019 554 Poor
(50) Banga et al. 2021 81 Poor
(22) Dai et al. 2017 332 Poor
(25) Hoang et al. 2021 403 Poor
(28) Kordas et al. 2010 222 Poor
(29) Kuang et al. 2020 395 Poor
(34) Mitchell et al. 2012 67 Poor
(48) Moawad et al. 2016 300 Poor
(36) Mohan et al. 2014 226 Poor -
(37) Nassef et al. 2014 90 Poor
(39) Queirolo et al. 2010 222 Poor
(19) Rasoul et al. 2012 180 Poor
(40) Rawat et al. 2021 43 Poor
(43) Reddy et al. 2011 195 Poor
(49) Shah et al. 2010 340 Poor
(44) Wang et al. 2021 426 Poor
Proportion of negative relationships (95%CI)
All studies 0.286 (0.065, 0.648) 0.625 (0.295, 0.881) 0.750 (0.583, 0.874) 0.556 (0.254, 0.827) 0.875 (0.546, 0.986) 0.714 (0.352, 0.935) 0.000 (0.000, 0.379)
Excluding conflicting results 0.333 (0.077, 0.714) 0.714 (0.352, 0.935) 0.828 (0.663, 0.931) 0.625 (0.295, 0.881) 1.000 (0.708, 1.000) 0.833 (0.442, 0.981) 0.000 (0.000, 0.379)
Only good quality studies 0.000 (0.000, 0.853) 0.500 (0.061, 0.939) 0.875 (0.546, 0.986) 1.000 (0.333, 1.000) 1.000 (0.147, 1.000) 1.000 (0.147, 1.000) 0.000 (0.000, 0.853)

RBC, red blood cell; HCT, hematocrit; HB, hemoglobin; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red cell distribution width; CI, confidence interval.

▴, positive relationship; ▾, negative relationship; ■, conflicting results/no direction; -, no information available.

Bolds represent evidence of a relationship.