Table 4. Biochemical Parameters in Serum and Urine for Nephroprotective Activity of ZME against DC-Induced Nephrotoxicity (n = 8)a,b.
| animal
grouping |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| parameters | NC | TC | T-LD | T-MD | T-HD | PC | ||
| Kidney Function Test | ||||||||
| creatinine (mg/dL) | serum | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 2.75 ± 0.20### | 2.55 ± 0.18NS | 1.73 ± 0.18*** | 0.97 ± 0.08** | 0.86 ± 0.13*** | |
| urine | 2.80 ± 0.19 | 0.5 ± 0.18## | 0.94 ± 0.04NS | 1.66 ± 0.30* | 2.60 ± 0.17** | 2.65 ± 0.12** | ||
| blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | serum | 32.92 ± 1.6 | 50.67 ± 2.5## | 42.26 ± 0.9NS | 37.50 ± 2.1* | 35.34 ± 1.1** | 34.47 ± 0.8** | |
| urea (mg/dL) | serum | 31.59 ± 1.0 | 52.30 ± 1.9### | 47.45 ± 0.8NS | 43.39 ± 1.1* | 33.04 ± 0.4*** | 31.96 ± 2.6*** | |
| urine | 67.55 ± 2.4 | 29.79 ± 1.4### | 37.69 ± 1.4NS | 50.59 ± 1.7** | 59.40 ± 2.2*** | 65.85 ± 1.5*** | ||
| uric acid (mg/dL) | serum | 2.44 ± 0.09 | 4.47 ± 0.3### | 3.60 ± 0.07* | 3.24 ± 0.08** | 2.89 ± 0.03*** | 2.63 ± 0.07*** | |
| urine | 5.72 ± 0.1 | 2.40 ± 0.12### | 2.87 ± 0.02NS | 3.86 ± 0.08** | 4.82 ± 0.15*** | 5.39 ± 0.27** | ||
| Liver Function Test | ||||||||
| total protein (g/dL) | serum | 6.08 ± 0.14 | 3.51 ± 0.13### | 4.07 ± 0.09NS | 5.05 ± 0.07** | 5.37 ± 0.25*** | 5.84 ± 0.10*** | |
| sGOT (U/L) | serum | 143.7 ± 2.8 | 276.4 ± 5.3### | 250.1 ± 9.0* | 228.2 ± 3.3*** | 152.8 ± 5.6*** | 137.1 ± 3.5*** | |
| sGPT (U/L) | serum | 43.87 ± 2.6 | 135.1 ± 3.4### | 109.1 ± 5.7* | 100.2 ± 6.1** | 41.52 ± 3.1*** | 37.15 ± 3.5*** | |
| albumin (g/dL) | serum | 9.54 ± 0.35 | 5.28 ± 0.05### | 6.43 ± 0.45 NS | 7.47 ± 0.20** | 8.29 ± 0.17** | 9.06 ± 0.08*** | |
| globulin (g/dL) | serum | 5.04 ± 0.18 | 8.34 ± 0.2### | 6.84 ± 0.27* | 6.17 ± 0.20** | 5.53 ± 0.19** | 5.55 ± 0.28** | |
| direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | serum | 0.02 ± 0.009 | 0.11 ± 0.008### | 0.09 ± 0.04NS | 0.06 ± 0.004* | 0.03 ± 0.001*** | 0.02 ± 0.04*** | |
| total bilirubin (mg/dL) | serum | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.008## | 0.20 ± 0.07* | 0.17 ± 0.6** | 0.15 ± 0.01** | 0.14 ± 0.05** | |
| ALP (U/L) | serum | 141.7 ± 1.4 | 185.4 ± 2.2### | 172.7 ± 1.9NS | 162.6 ± 1.8*** | 150.8 ± 3.2*** | 142.0 ± 2.5*** | |
| ASAT (U/L) | serum | 173.8 ± 2.3 | 216.0 ± 2.4### | 201.8 ± 3.7 * | 195.9 ± 2.6** | 175.3 ± 1.7*** | 177 ± 1.4*** | |
| ALAT (U/L) | serum | 26.97 ± 1.3 | 71.74 ± 1.1### | 52.68 ± 2.9*** | 40.22 ± 2.9*** | 30.74 ± 1.8*** | 30.25 ± 0.7*** | |
a
Data are expressed as a means ± standard means error (n = 8 rats/group). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. [Normal control (NC), toxic control (TC), treatment with a low dose (T-LD), treatment with a medium dose (T-MD), treatment with a high dose (T-HD), and positive control (PC).]
b
TC was compared with NC, ###P < 0.001, ##P < 0.01, and #P < 0.05 and all the other groups were compared with TC ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, and *P < 0.05 considered significant and NS: nonsignificant.