TABLE 3.

Effects of FXR agonists on IBD and CRC.

Disease	FXR agonist	Effect	Model	Reference
IBD	OCA (INT-747; 6-ECDCA)	Immune dysfunction ↓	2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or DSS -induced colitis mice	Vavassori et al., 2009 (Vavassori et al., 2009)
		Inflammation ↓
		Splenic DCs ↑	DSS-treated mice	Massafra et al., 2016 (Massafra et al., 2016)
		Migration of DCs and effector T cells to the colon ↓
		Migration of Tregs to the colon↑
		IL-10 ↑
		Colonic inflammation ↓
	GW4064	LPS-induced TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway ↓	WT and FXR KO mice	Liu et al., 2017 (Liu et al., 2017)
		Barrier damage in the ileum ↓
		Mitochondrial dysfunction ↓
	FexD	TGF-β Signaling ↑	DSS-induced UC mice	Zhao et al., 2020 (Zhao et al., 2020)
		The phosphorylated level of Smad2 ↑
		Tissue Damage ↓
	Fexaramine	The bacterial abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) ↑	DCA-treated mice	Xu et al., 2021 (Xu et al., 2021)
		DCA-induced intestinal inflammation ↓
		Intestinal FgF15 ↑
		Bile acid synthesis ↓
	Nelumal A	Incidence of colonic mucosal ulcers ↓	DSS-induced colitis mice	Miyazaki et al., 2021 (Miyazaki et al., 2021)
		Oxidative damage ↓
		TNF-α ↓
CRC	OCA (INT-747; 6-ECDCA)	SOCS3 ↑	HT-29 and Caco-2 cells; nude mice	Li et al., 2020 (Li et al., 2020)
		The activity of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway ↓
		EMT ↓
	Nelumal A	Incidence of adenocarcinoma ↓	AOM/DSS-induced CRC mice	Miyazaki et al., 2021 (Miyazaki et al., 2021)
		Oxidative damage ↓
		Apoptotic cancer cells ↑
		TNF-α ↓