TABLE 2.
Main characteristics of included studies.
| Study (author and year of publication) | Number of subjects | Average Age | Number of samples per study participant | Health status | Analytical method | Overall BIVAC score | CVI (%) | CVA (95%-CI) |
| Bandaranayake et al. 2007 (39) | 10 | 21 | 6 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 6.1 | 2.3 (2.0, 2.8) |
| Baysoy et al. 2021 (34) | 22 | 44 | 10 | healthy | Jaffe | A | 3.3 | 5.56 (5.1, 6.1) |
| Biosca et al. 2006 (26) | 19 | 50 | 33 | non healthy | Unknown | C | 11.8 | 1 |
| Biosca et al. 1997 (40) | 40 | 42 | 8 | non healthy | Jaffe | C | 8.5 | 5.4 (4.6, 6.6) |
| Carobene et al. 2017 (13) | 8 | 45 | 4 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 7.8 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) |
| Carobene et al. 2012 [1] (21) | 9 | 84 | 4 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 8.0 | n.a. |
| Carobene et al. 2012 [2] (21) | 13 | 28 | 4 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 3.8 | n.a. |
| Carobene et al. 2012 [3] (21) | 91 | 52 | 10 | healthy | Enzymatic | A | 4.4 | n.a. |
| Carter et al. 2016 (41) | 80 | 68 | 6 | non healthy | Enzymatic | B | 5.7 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) |
| Costongs et al. 1985 (42) | 274 | 41 | 6 | healthy | Unknown | C | 5.7 | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) |
| Dimitri et al. 1992 (43) | 5 | 28 | 10 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 4.3 | 2.9 (2.4, 3.6) |
| Fraser et al. 1983 (44) | 9 | n.a. | 14 | non healthy | Jaffe | C | 6.4 | 2 (1.8, 2.3.) |
| Fraser et al. 1989 (45) | 27 | 77 | 10 | healthy | Unknown | C | 4.3 | 2.8 (2.6, 3.1) |
| Fraser et al. 1982 (27) | 20 | 43 | 31 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 13.4 | 4.8 (4.6, 5.1) |
| Gallagher et al. 1992 (46) | 5 | 31 | 5 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 8.4 | 3.2 (2.5, 4.4) |
| González-Revaldería et al. 1991 (47) | 15 | n.a. | 4 | Healthy | Jaffe | C | 6.0 | 2.25 (1.9, 2.7) |
| Gowans et al. 1988 (48) | 15 | 37 | 10 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 4.1 | 3.4 (3.1, 3.8) |
| Hilderink et al. 2018 [1] (14) | 17 | 72 | 24 | healthy | Enzymatic | A | 6.4 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) |
| Hilderink et al. 2018 [2] (14) | 19 | 66 | 24 | non healthy | Enzymatic | A | 2.5 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
| Hölzel et al. 1987 [1] (23) | 10 | 41 | 8 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 2.6 | 3.3 (2.9, 3.9) |
| Hölzel et al. 1987 [2] (23) | 14 | 27 | 8 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 2.8 | 3.3 (2.9, 3.8) |
| Hölzel et al. 1987 [3] (23) | 17 | n.a. | 8 | non healthy | Jaffe | C | 5.3 | 3.3 (2.4, 5.3) |
| Keevil et al. 1998 (49) | 12 | 40 | 10 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 4.9 | 3.1 (2.8, 3.6) |
| Larsson et al. 2009 [1] (22) | 7 | 25 | 48 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 4.2 | 3.2 |
| Larsson et al. 2009 [2] (22) | 7 | 25 | 48 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 4.3 | 3.2 |
| Matsubara et al. 2008 (50) | 135 | 41 | 11 | healthy | Unknown | C | 6.2 | 2.6 |
| Meijers et al. 2017 [1] (19) | 28 | 43 | 5 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 4.1 | 1.6 (1.2, 2.5) |
| Meijers et al. 2017 [2] (19) | 83 | 64 | 3 | non healthy | Jaffe | C | 5.0 | 1.6 (1.3, 2.2) |
| Nunes et al. 2010 (51) | 56 | 18 | 4 | healthy | Unknown | B | 8.5 | 4.6 (3.6, 6.5) |
| Ozturk et al. 2013 (28) | 70 | 46 | 6 | non healthy | Jaffe | B | 9.2 | 3.5 |
| Pineda-Tenor et al. 2013 [1] (24) | 56 | 34 | 4 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 4.9 | 2.6 (2.1, 3.5) |
| Pineda-Tenor et al. 2013 [2] (24) | 62 | 34 | 4 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 5.0 | 2.6 (2.0, 3.6) |
| Pineda-Tenor et al. 2013 [3] (24) | 64 | 86 | 4 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 7.0 | 2.6 (2.0, 3.6) |
| Pineda-Tenor et al. 2013 [4] (24) | 71 | 85 | 4 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 7.1 | 2.6 (2.1, 3.5) |
| Qi et al. 2015 (52) | 40 | 45 | 5 | healthy | Unknown | C | 4.3 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.8) |
| Ravn et al. 2016 (53) | 28 | 62 | 14 | non healthy | Unknown | C | 3.7 | n.a. |
| Reinhard et al. 2009 [1] (20) | 19 | 61 | 8 | non healthy | Enzymatic | C | 8.9 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) |
| Reinhard et al. 2009 [2] (20) | 20 | 44 | 8 | healthy | Enzymatic | C | 4.7 | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) |
| Rosano et al. 1982 (54) | 2 | 44 | 24 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 7.9 | 6.7 (5.6, 8.4) |
| Rowe et al. 2019 (12) | 20 | 71 | 4 | non healthy | Enzymatic | A | 4.4 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) |
| Statland et al. 1973 (55) | 11 | 24 | 3 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 5.4 | 2.9 (2.3, 3.8) |
| Toffaletti et al. 2008 (56) | 30 | 44 | 6 | healthy | Enzymatic | C | 5.8 | n.a. |
| Waikar et al. 2018 (57) | 50 | 57 | 3 | non healthy | Enzymatic | C | 5.4 | n.a. |
| Wang et al. 2021 (58) | 25 | 36 | 6 | healthy | Enzymatic | C | 4.3 | 1.4 |
| Williams et al. 1978 (59) | 1,105 | n.a. | 5 | healthy | Unknown | C | 5.4 | 4.9 |
| Winkel et al. 1974 (29) | 11 | 24 | 5 | healthy | Unknown | C | 3.7 | 3.4 |
| Winkel et al. 1976 (29) | 10 | 26 | 6 | healthy | Unknown | C | 1.2 | n.a. |
| Young et al. 1971 (60) | 9 | 31 | 10 | healthy | Jaffe | C | 4.4 | 3.2 (2.8, 3.8) |
n.a. not available.