Table 5.
Design and intervention characteristics for grimace scale, nest building, and burrowing in mice (k = 39 studies) and rats (k = 36 studies).
| Study ID | Groups | Housing | n/Home cage | Type of surgery | Type of anesthesia | Type of analgesia 1 | Route | Dose (mg/kg) | Type of analgesia 2 | Route | Dose (mg/kg) | Effect of analgesia* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grimace scale mice | ||||||||||||
| Akintola et al. (55) | CCI-ION | Group | 4–6 | Neurosurgery | Ketamine and xylazine | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cho et al. (54) | Carprofen 10 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Carprofen 25 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 25 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Meloxicam 2 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Meloxicam 5 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Buprenorphine 0.1 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Carprofen 10 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Carprofen 25 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | 25 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Meloxicam 2 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | Oral (drinking supply) | 2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Meloxicam 5mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | Oral (drinking supply) | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Cho et al. (54) | Buprenorphine 0.1 mg/kg | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | Oral (drinking supply) | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Dwivedi et al. (69)+ | Laparotomy + CLP | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Evangelista-Vaz et al. (56) | Surgery + anesthesia + tramadol injection + drinking supply | Group | 4–8 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Tramadol | s.c. | 25 | Tramadol | Oral (drinking supply) | 25 | No |
| Faller et al. (57) | Myocardial infarction | Group | 2–5 | Thoracotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.024 | – | – | – | – |
| Gallo et al. (58) | Nest material + surgery + analgesia | Single before surgery | 1 | Vascular surgery | Ketamine and xylazine | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – | – | – | – |
| Hsi et al. (60) | Surgery + dextrose (dose group) | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 2 | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – |
| Jirkof et al. (59) | OPT3 (surgery + anesthesia + T3) | Group | 3–6 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Jirkof et al. (59) | OPSB (surgery + anesthesia + SB) |
Group | 3–6 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Buprenorphine SR | s.c. | 2.2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Jirkof et al. (61) | Anesthesia and surgery with T:P in the drinking water | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Tramadol | Oral (drinking supply) | – | Paracetamol | Oral (drinking supply) | – | Yes |
| Langford et al. (33) | Chronic constriction injury (CCI) |
Group | 2 | Neurosurgery | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Langford et al. (33) | Incision model | Group | 2 | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Langford et al. (33) | Laparotomy model | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Langford et al. (33) | Spared nerve injury (SNI) | Group | 2 | Neurosurgery | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Leach et al. (25) | Surgery + meloxicam | Single before surgery | 1 | Vasectomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 20 | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | Yes |
| Leach et al. (25) | Surgery + bupivacaine | Single before surgery | 1 | Vasectomy | Isoflurane | Bupivacaine | Wound infiltration | 5 | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | Yes |
| Mai et al. (63) | Severe CLP | Group | 3 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + buprenorphine 0.001 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.001 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + buprenorphine 0.01 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.01 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + buprenorphine 0.05 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + buprenorphine 0.1 |
Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + carprofen 5 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + carprofen 10 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + carprofen 15 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + carprofen 20 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 20 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + carprofen 25 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 25 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + ketoprofen 1 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + ketoprofen 5 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + ketoprofen 10 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + ketoprofen 15 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + ketoprofen 20 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 20 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + acetaminophen 100 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Acetaminophen | s.c. | 100 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + acetaminophen 300 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Acetaminophen | s.c. | 300 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Matsumiya et al. (64) | Laparotomy + acetaminophen 450 | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Acetaminophen | s.c. | 450 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Miller et al. (62) | Study group | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | Meloxicam | s.c. | 5 | – |
| Redaelli et al. (67) | Surgery + buprenorphine (step 2; control for carprofen) | Group | 2 | Laminectomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Redaelli et al. (67) | Surgery + buprenorphine + carprofen (step2) | Group | 2 | Laminectomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.15 | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | Yes |
| Roughan et al. (65) | Laparotomy + meloxicam 1 mg/kg | Group | 5 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| Roughan et al. (65) | Laparotomy + meloxicam 5 mg/kg | Group | 5 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Roughan et al. (65) | Laparotomy + meloxicam 20 mg/kg | Group | 5 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 20 | – | – | – | – |
| Sauer et al. (68)+ | Surgery + buprenorphine via 3 injections and via drinking water | Group | 4–8 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | Buprenorphine | Oral (drinking supply) | – | – |
| Tuttle et al. (66) | Laparotomy + carprofen | Group | 5 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 50 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Grimace scale rats | ||||||||||||
| Akintola et al. (55) | CCI-ION (RGS post 10 days) | Group | 2 | Neurosurgery | Ketamine and xylazine | Fentanyl | s.c. | 0.025 | – | – | – | – |
| Chaves et al. (71) | Laminectomy | Single from surgery on | – | Laminectomy | Ketamine and xylazine | Fentanyl | i.p. | 0.03 | – | – | – | – |
| Chaves et al. (71) | Laminectomy + tramadol | Single from surgery on | – | Laminectomy | Ketamine and xylazine | Fentanyl | i.p. | 0.03 | Tramadol | s.c. | 4 | – |
| Chi et al. (72) | Isoflurane + laparotomy + ropivacaine | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ropivacaine | Wound infiltration | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Chi et al. (72) | Isoflurane + laparotomy + morphine | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Morphine | s.c. | 0.8 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Clemensen et al. (73) | Hind-Paw incision + low dose fentanyl | Single before surgery | 1 | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Fentanyl | Transdermal | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Clemensen et al. (73) | Hind-Paw incision + middle dose fentanyl | Single before surgery | 1 | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Fentanyl | Transdermal | 0.33 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Clemensen et al. (73) | Hind-Paw incision + high dose fentanyl | Single before surgery | 1 | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Fentanyl | Transdermal | 1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| De Rantere et al. (74) | Plantar incision | Group | 2 | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fujita et al. (75) | Allopregnanolone | – | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Gao et al. (76) | Treatment | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Solution containing Levobupivacaine, Dexibuprofen, Norepinephrine | Wound infiltration | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Gao et al. (76) | Positive control | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Solution containing Levobupivacaine, Dexibuprofen, Norepinephrine | Systematically | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Guo and Hu (77) | Anesthesia + laparotomy + Thalidomide 5 mg/kg | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Thalidomide | i.p. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Guo and Hu (77) | Anesthesia + laparotomy + thalidomide 20 mg/kg | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Thalidomide | i.p. | 20 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Guo and Hu (77) | Anesthesia + laparotomy + thalidomide 50 mg/kg | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Thalidomide | i.p. | 50 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Harikrishnan et al. (78) | Laminectomy without SCI dental burr assisted (DBA-LAM) | Single before surgery | 1 | Laminectomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | Meloxicam | s.c. | 1 | – |
| Jeger et al. (94)+ | Long term + surgery + sham + nalbuphine | Single from surgery on | 3–4 | Vascular surgery | Isoflurane | Nalbuphine | s.c. | 2 | Nalbuphine | i.v. | 1 | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (80) | Anesthesia with laparotomy and ketoprofen (IL + ketoprofen) | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 40 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (80) | Anesthesia with laparotomy and morphine (IL + morphine) | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Morphine | s.c. | 0.8 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + ketoprofen 5 |
Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | i.p. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + ketoprofen 10 | Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | i.p. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + ketoprofen 15 | Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | i.p. | 15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + ketoprofen 30 | Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | i.p. | 30 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + morphine 0.1 |
Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Morphine | i.p. | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + morphine 0.5 |
Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Morphine | i.p. | 0.5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + morphine 1.0 |
Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Morphine | i.p. | 1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + morphine 1.5 |
Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Morphine | i.p. | 1.5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (79) | Surgery + control + ropivacaine | Single before surgery | – | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | Ropivacaine | Wound infiltration | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kawano et al. (93)+ | Isoflurane with laparotomy | Group | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ropivacaine | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Klune et al. (24) | Laparotomy + meloxicam | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Klune et al. (24) | Laparotomy + buprenorphine | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Korat et al. (81) | Treatment | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Solution containing levobupivacaine, ibuprofen and epinephrine | Wound infiltration | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Korat and Kapupara (70) | Experimental group | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Solution containing levobupivacaine, ibuprofen and epinephrine | Wound infiltration | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Korat and Kapupara (70) | Experimental group | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Solution containing levobupivacaine, ibuprofen and epinephrine | i.p. | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Koyama et al. (82) | Anesthesia with surgery + ropivacaine | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ropivacaine | Wound infiltration | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Koyama et al. (82) | Anesthesia with surgery + morphine | – | – | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Morphine | s.c. | 0.8 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Locatelli et al. (95)+ | Surgery + 80 mg/kg e-RESV + sirtinol | – | – | Laparotomy | – | Ropivacaine | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nunamaker et al. (83) | Surgery + meloxicam low dose | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Ketamine | Meloxicam | s.c. | 1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Nunamaker et al. (83) | Surgery + meloxicam high dose | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Ketamine | Meloxicam | s.c. | 2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Nunamaker et al. (83) | Surgery + buprenorphine low dose | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Ketamine | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Nunamaker et al. (83) | Surgery + buprenorphine high dose | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Ketamine | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Nunamaker et al. (83) | Surgery + SRB | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Ketamine | Buprenorphine SR | s.c. | 1.2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Oliver et al. (84) | Surgery + buprenorphine s.c. | Group | 2–3 | Subcutaneous implantation | Isoflurane | Lidocaine | s.c. | 2 | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – |
| Oliver et al. (84) | Surgery + buprenorphine oral | Group | 2–3 | Subcutaneous implantation | Isoflurane | Lidocaine | s.c. | 2 | Buprenorphine | p.o. | 0.05 | – |
| Oliver et al. (84) | Surgery + meloxicam | Group | 2–3 | Subcutaneous implantation | Isoflurane | Lidocaine | s.c. | 2 | Meloxicam | s.c. | 1 | – |
| Philips et al. (85) | Hemilaminectomy + nerve root compression + meloxicam | Group | 2 | Hemi-Laminectomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Prefontaine et al. (91) | Laparoscopy | Group | 2 | Laparoscopy | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Prefontaine et al. (91) | Laparotomy | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Saine et al. (86) | Craniotomy + collagenase i.c. + fentanyl 5 | Group | 2 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Fentanyl | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Saine et al. (86) | Craniotomy + collagenase i.c. + Fentanyl 10 | Group | 2 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Fentanyl | s.c. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Saine et al. (86) | Craniotomy + collagenase i.c. + Fentanyl 20 | Group | 2 | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Fentanyl | s.c. | 20 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Schneider et al. (92)+ | Laminectomy + cervical SCI | Group | 2–3 | Laminectomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Sotocinal et al. (34) | Laparotomy model | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Thomas et al. (87) | Laparotomy + Morphine s.c. | Group | 3–5 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Morphine | s.c. | 3 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Thomas et al. (87) | Laparotomy + Morphine i.t. | Group | 3–5 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Morphine | i.t. | 0.2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Buprenorphine 15 min prior to surgery 0.01 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.01 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Buprenorphine 15 min prior to surgery 0.025 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.025 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Buprenorphine intraoperatively 0.01 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.01 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Buprenorphine intraoperatively 0.025 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.025 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Buprenorphine intraoperatively 0.05 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Carprofen 15 min prior to surgery 5 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Carprofen 15 min prior to surgery 15 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Carprofen intraoperatively 5 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Carprofen intraoperatively 10 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Carprofen intraoperatively 15 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Carprofen intraoperatively 25 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 25 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Acetaminophen 15 min prior to surgery 50 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Acetaminophen | s.c. | 50 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Acetaminophen 15 min prior to surgery 100 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Acetaminophen | s.c. | 100 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Acetaminophen intraoperatively 25 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Acetaminophen | s.c. | 25 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Acetaminophen intraoperatively 50 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Acetaminophen | s.c. | 50 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Acetaminophen intraoperatively 100 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Acetaminophen | s.c. | 100 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ibuprofen 15 min prior to surgery 15 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ibuprofen | s.c. | 15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ibuprofen 15 min prior to surgery 30 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ibuprofen | s.c. | 30 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ibuprofen intraoperatively 5 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ibuprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ibuprofen intraoperatively 15 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ibuprofen | s.c. | 15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ibuprofen intraoperatively 30 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ibuprofen | s.c. | 30 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ketoprofen 15 min prior to surgery 10 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ketoprofen 15 min prior to surgery 25 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 25 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ketoprofen intraoperatively 5 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ketoprofen intraoperatively 10 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ketoprofen intraoperatively 15 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 15 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Waite et al. (88) | Ketoprofen intraoperatively 25 | Group | 4 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ketoprofen | s.c. | 25 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Yamanaka et al. (89) | Surgery + LPS + DEX + Atipamezol (Antagonist) | Group | 2 | Plantar paw incision | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yousef et al. (90) | Nerve autografting group | Single before surgery | 1 | Neurosurgery | Tiletamine and zolazepam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nest-Building mice | ||||||||||||
| Abdelrahman et al. (96) | Pancreatic cancer model | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Arras et al. (97)+ | Laparotomy + carprofen | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Arras et al. (97)+ | Laparotomy + flunixin | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Flunixin | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Beninson et al. (98) | Carprofen | Single from surgery on | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | – | No | |||
| Beninson et al. (98) | Robenacoxib | Single from surgery on | 1 | laparotomy | isoflurane | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | – | – | – | No |
| Cesarovic et al. (99)+ | Surgery + anesthesia + analgesia | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Falkenberg et al. (100) | Catheterization common carotid artery + ligation | Single before surgery | 1 | Vascular surgery | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | Oral (nute paste) | 1 | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – |
| Gallo et al. (58) | Nest material + surgery + analgesia | Single before surgery | 1 | Vascular surgery | Ketamine and xylazine | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – | – | – | No |
| Herndon et al. (101) | CLP + buprenorphine hydrochloride (Bup HCI) | Group | 5 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Herndon et al. (101) | CLP + buprenorphine sustained-release (Bup SR) | Group | 5 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine SR | s.c. | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| Jirkof et al. (102) | Surgery + anesthesia + analgesia + single housing | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Jirkof et al. (102) | Surgery + anesthesia + analgesia + pair housing | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Jirkof et al. (27) | Surgery + anesthesia + low dose analgesia | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | No |
| Jirkof et al. (27) | Surgery + anesthesia + high dose analgesia | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 50 | – | – | – | No |
| Jirkof et al. (103) | Surgery + anesthesia + analgesia + familiar cage after surgery during burrowing | Group | 3 to 6 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Jirkof et al. (61) | Anesthesia and surgery with T:P in the drinking water | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Tramadol | Oral (drinking supply) | – | Paracetamol | Oral (drinking supply) | – | No |
| Kendall et al. (104) | Laparotomy + Bup-HCI | Single | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kendall et al. (104) | Laparotomy + Bup-SR | Single | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine SR | s.c. | 0.6 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Kumstel et al. (105) | Transmitter implantation | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | Metamizole | Oral (drinking supply) | – | – |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Pair housed, anesthesia + buprenorphine, washout, surgery + buprenorphine | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Pair housed, anesthesia + carprofen, washout, surgery + carprofen | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | 30 | – | – | – | – |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Pair housed, anesthesia + multimodal, washout, surgery + multimodal | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | 30 | Buprenorphine | s.c. | – | Yes |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Single housed, anesthesia + buprenorphine, washout, surgery + buprenorphine | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Single housed, anesthesia + carprofen, washout, surgery + carprofen | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | 30 | – | – | – | – |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Single housed, anesthesia + multimodal, washout, surgery + multimodal | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | 30 | Buprenorphine | s.c. | – | Yes |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Single + nest during baseline, anesthesia + buprenorphine, washout, surgery + buprenorphine | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Single + nest during baseline, anesthesia + carprofen, washout, surgery + carprofen | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | 30 | – | – | – | – |
| Oliver et al. (106) | Single + nest during baseline, anesthesia + multimodal, washout, surgery + multimodal | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | 30 | Buprenorphine | s.c. | – | Yes |
| Pham et al. (107)+ | Enriched + surgery | Group | 3 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ibuprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pham et al. (107)+ | Enriched + surgery | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Ibuprofen | Oral (drinking supply) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Robinson-Junker et al. (108) | Predictable sleep disruption + control (saline) | Single before surgery | 1 | Biopsy | Isoflurane | Lidocaine | Topical | – | – | s.c. | – | Yes |
| Robinson-Junker et al. (108) | Predictable sleep disruption + analgesia | Single before surgery | 1 | Biopsy | Isoflurane | Lidocaine | Topical | – | Carprofen | s.c. | 10 | Yes |
| Rock et al. (28) | Carotid artery injury | Single before surgery | 1 | Vascular surgery | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – | – | – | – |
| Rock et al. (28) | Carotid artery injury | Group | 2–5 | Vascular surgery | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.05 | – | – | – | – |
| Staib-Lasarzik et al. (109) | Subarachnoid hemorrhage + buprenorphine | – | – | Vascular surgery | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Staib-Lasarzik et al. (109) | Subarachnoid hemorrhage + carprofen | – | – | Vascular surgery | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Staib-Lasarzik et al. (109) | Subarachnoid hemorrhage + meloxicam | – | – | Vascular surgery | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| Staib-Lasarzik et al. (109) | Controlled cortical impact + buprenorphine | – | – | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Staib-Lasarzik et al. (109) | Controlled cortical impact + carprofen | – | – | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Staib-Lasarzik et al. (109) | Controlled cortical impact + meloxicam | – | – | Craniotomy | Isoflurane | Meloxicam | s.c. | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| Van-Loo et al. (110) | Laparotomy + single housed | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Van-Loo et al. (110) | Laparotomy + housed with non-operated cage mate | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Yuan et al. (111)+ | MCAO 20 min | Single from surgery on | 1 | Vascular surgery | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nest building rats | ||||||||||||
| Möller et al. (112) | Craniotomy | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Chloral hydrate | Meloxicam | s.c. | 1 | Bupivacaine | s.c. | – | – |
| Burrowing mice | ||||||||||||
| Abdelrahman et al. (96) | Pancreatic cancer model | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Evangelista-Vaz et al. (56) | Surgery + anesthesia + tramadol injection + drinking supply | Group | 4–8 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Tramadol | s.c. | 25 | Tramadol | Oral (drinking supply) | 25 | No |
| Jirkof et al. (8) | Surgery + anesthesia + analgesia | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Jirkof et al. (102) | Surgery + anesthesia + analgesia + single housing | Single from surgery on | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Jirkof et al. (102) | Surgery + anesthesia + analgesia + pair housing | Group | 2 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Jirkof et al. (103) | Surgery + anesthesia + analgesia + familiar cage after surgery during burrowing | Group | 3–6 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Jirkof et al. (59) | OPT1 (surgery + anesthesia + T1) | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.1 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Jirkof et al. (59) | OPSB (surgery + anesthesia + SB) |
Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Buprenorphine SR | s.c. | 2.2 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Jirkof et al. (61) | Anesthesia and surgery with T:P in the drinking water | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Sevoflurane | Tramadol | Oral (drinking supply) | – | Paracetamol | Oral (drinking supply) | – | Yes |
| Kumstel et al. (105) | Transmitter implantation | Single before surgery | 1 | Laparotomy | Isoflurane | Carprofen | s.c. | 5 | Metamizole | Oral (drinking supply) | – | – |
| Shepherd et al. (113) | SNI + Gabapentin | Group | 5 | Neurosurgery | Isoflurane | Gapapentin | i.p. | 10 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Shi et al. (114) | Disc degeneration disease | – | – | Neurosurgery | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Burrowing rats | ||||||||||||
| Andrews et al. (26) | TNT + gabapentin low dose (SD rats) | Group | 4 | Neurosurgery | Isoflurane | Gapapentin | s.c. | 30 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Andrews et al. (26) | TNT + gabapentin high dose (SD rats) | Group | 4 | Neurosurgery | Isoflurane | Gapapentin | s.c. | 100 | – | – | – | Yes |
| Andrews et al. (26) | L5 SNT –> neurosurgery + strain2 (Wistar rats) | Group | 4 | Neurosurgery | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Deseure and Hans (31) | IoN ligation | – | – | Neurosurgery | Pentobarbital | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Georgieva et al. (115) | Acute DHA treatment | Group | 2–3 | Laminectomy | Isoflurane | Buprenorphine | s.c. | 0.3 | Carprofen | s.c. | 50 | – |
| Katri et al. (116) | Meniscectomy + Naproxen | Group | 3–4 | Meniscectomy | Isoflurane | Xylocain | Topical | – | Carprofen | – | – | – |
| Lau et al. (117) | SNI | Group | 2 | Neurosurgery | Ketamine and xylazine | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Möller et al. (112) | Craniotomy | Single before surgery | 1 | Craniotomy | Chloral hydrate | Meloxicam | s.c. | 1 | Bupivacaine | s.c. | – | – |
| Muralidharan et al. (118) | CCI sciatic nerve | Group | 2–3 | Neurosurgery | Isoflurane | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
–not reported. Alphabetical characters in the Study ID indicate animal groups within individual studies [first column of the tables; e.g., Cho et al. (54)]. *in comparison with control group. To test the effect of analgesia, groups with surgical intervention and analgesia were compared with a control group, which was defined as a group with surgical intervention without analgesia. +References were identified during screening of reference lists. SR, sustained-release.