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Upregulation of CTLA-4 expression through stimulation with J-PPD. PBMCs from cattle experimentally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n = 6) were cultured with J-PPD, and the expression of CTLA-4 in CD4+ T cells (a) and CD8+ T cells (b) was assayed using flow cytometry. N.S., no stimulation; J-PPD, Johnin-purified protein derivative. P values were obtained using Mann-Whitney U tests.
