FIG 4.

Upregulation of CTLA-4 expression via treatment with dbcAMP. (a) CD3⁺ cells were sorted from the PBMCs of cattle not infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n = 6) and cultured with dbcAMP. Double-distilled water (DDW) was used as a vehicle control. Gene expression of CTLA-4 was quantitated using qPCR. (b and c) PBMCs of cattle not infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n = 7) were cultured with dbcAMP, DDW was used as a vehicle control, and CTLA-4 expression in CD4⁺ T cells (b) and CD8⁺ T cells (c) was assayed by using flow cytometry. All P values were obtained using Mann-Whitney U tests.