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tEVs from L. monocytogenes-infected TSCs induce TNF-α production. A total of 5 × 105 RAW 264.7 (A) and J774 (B) macrophage-like cells were treated with 5 × 106 tEVs from uninfected and L. monocytogenes-infected TSCs, and the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Comparisons were done using the Student’s t test; **, P < 0.01; ****, P < 0.0001.
