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Current treatment modalities in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Dashed arrows: mandibular advancement device (MAD) therapy or upper airway surgery indicated in patients who do not tolerate continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). MMA: maxillomandibular advancement; rEDS: residual excessive daytime sleepiness. #: in selected patients (drug-induced sleep endoscopy); ¶: if position dependent.
