TABLE 5.
Summary of articles cited in the discussion section for the purpose of comparing the proposed solution with the existing literature.
| Research study | Signal(s) | Signals/features | Sleep stages classified | Accuracy | Kappa | Validation | Participant | Age | Location | Data source |
| Abou Jaoude et al., 2020 | EEG | 4 channels | Wake-N1-N2-N3-REM | 77.3% | 0.69 | PSG | 243 | >18 | Hospital | HomePAP Database |
| Bakker et al., 2021 | ECG + RIP | HR + Respiration | Wake-N1-N2-N3-REM | 78.00% | 0.64 | PSG | 296 | 50-90 | Hospital | National Sleep Research Resource |
| Fonseca et al., 2016 | ECG + RIP | RRI + Respiration | Wake-REM-Light-Deep | 87.40% | 0.41 | PSG | 180 | 20–95 | Hospital | Multiple Databases |
| Fonseca et al., 2017 | ACC + PPG | HRV + Movement | Wake-N1-(N2+N3)-REM | 59.3% | 0.42 | PSG | 51 | 41–60 | Home | Alice PDx |
| Fonseca et al., 2020 | ECG + ACC | HRV + Movement | Wake-N1-(N2+N3)-REM | 75.9% | 0.60 | PSG | 389 | – | Hospital | SOMNIA Dataset |
| Li et al., 2018 | ECG | HRV + EDR | Wake-REM-Light-Deep | 75.4% | 0.54 | PSG | 16 | 32–56 | Hospital | MIT-BIH |
| Li et al., 2020 | ACC | Movement | Wake-Sleep | 84.7% | 0.45 | PSG | 43 | 45–84 | Sleep Lab | MESA Sleep Dataset |
| Long et al., 2013 | RIP + ACC | Effort + Movement | Wake-Sleep | 95.7% | 0.66 | PSG | 15 | 23–58 | Sleep Lab | Actiwatch |
| Quante et al., 2018 | ACC | Movement | Wake-Sleep | 85.0% | – | PSG | 22 | 20–45 | Home | GT3X |
| Shen et al., 2019 | EEG | 1 channel | Wake-N1-N2-N3-REM | 81–92% | 0.89 | PSG | 48 | 20–65 | Hospital | Sleep EDF + DREAMS |
| Sridhar et al., 2020 | ECG | HR | Wake-REM-Light-Deep | 77% | 0.66 | PSG | – | – | Sleep Lab | MESA sleep + SHHS |
| Walch et al., 2019 | PPG + ACC | HR + Movement | Wake-NREM-REM | 72% | 0.27 | PSG | 31 | 19–55 | Hospital | Apple watch |
| Wang et al., 2012 | ECG | HRV | Wake-NREM-REM | 73.50% | – | PSG | 7 (OSA) | 42–68 | Hospital | Unknown |
| Wang et al., 2015 | EEG | 1 channel | Wake-REM-Light-Deep | – | 0.72 | PSG | 99 | 18–60 | Sleep Lab | Zmachine |
| Wei et al., 2018 | EEG | 1 channel | Wake-NREM-REM | 77% | 0.56 | PSG | 16 | 32–56 | Hospital | MIT-BIH |
| Wei et al., 2019 | ECG | HRV + RRV | Wake-N1-N2-N3-REM | 71.16% | 0.52 | PSG | 373 | 22–56 | Hospital | SOLAR 3000B |
| Yoon et al., 2017a | ECG | RRI | N3 | 90% | 0.56 | PSG | 45 (OSA) | – | Hospital | NI DAQ 6221 |
| Zhang et al., 2012 | PPG + ACC | HRV + Movement | Wake-NREM-REM | 75% | – | PSG | 48 | 22–71 | Hospital | Research Device |
ACC, accelerometer; ECG, electrocardiography; EDR, ECG-derived respiration; EEG, electroencephalography; HR, heart rate; HRV, heart rate variability; PPG, photoplethysmography; RIP, respiratory inductive plethysmography; RRI, R-R Intervals.