Table 1.
Emerging biomarkers for predicting trastuzumab resistance through bypass pathway activation.
| Biomarkers | Mechanism/signaling pathway | Primary/secondary drug resistance | Correlation with drug resistance | Author and reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDK12 | WNT/β-catenin/-TCF; IRS1/ErbB/PI3K/AKT |
Primary and Secondary | Positive | Choi HJ (12) |
| Cullin7 | IRS-1/ErbB/PI3K/AKT | Primary and Secondary | Positive | Qiu N (13) |
| ARID1A | ErbB/PI3K/AKT | Primary and Secondary | Negative | Berns K (14) |
| STAT3 | IL6-pSTAT3-PTEN | Primary | Positive | Sonnenblick A (15) |
| NCAPG | JAK/STAT3 | Primary | Positive | Jiang L (16) |
| ANKRD44 | TAK1/Akt/NF-kβ | Secondary | Negative | La Ferla M (17) |
| MUC4 | NF-κB/MUC4 | Primary | Positive | Mercogliano MF (18) |
| YAP1 | Hippo/YAP1/TEAD | Secondary | Positive | González-Alonso P (19) |
| EPHA5 | Notch1; PTEN/AKT | Primary | Negative | Li Y (20) |
| PKCα | Jagged-1/Notch-1 | Primary | Negative | Pandya K (21) |