. 2022 Oct 6;10:988525. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.988525

Table 10.

Fit-indices of the models for testing of measurement invariance.

	χ²	df	χ²/df	CFI	RMSEA	90% CI	SRMR	BIC	m∧	Δχ²	Δdf	p	ΔCFI	Δ RMSEA	Δ SRMR	Decision
FHC-PA (Sg):
Female (n = 251) and Male (n = 149)
M1	476^**	202	2.36	0.954	0.082	0.073–0.092	0.049	10100	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
M2	498^**	218	2.28	0.953	0.080	0.071–0.089	0.068	10000	M1	21.7	16	0.152	−0.001	−0.002	0.019	Accept
M3	518^**	234	2.21	0.952	0.078	0.069–0.087	0.069	9970	M2	19.8	16	0.231	−0.001	−0.002	0.001	Accept
< 41 years old (n = 194) and ≥41 years old (n = 206)
M1	485^**	202	2.40	0.953	0.084	0.074–0.093	0.050	10100	–	–	–	–	–	–	-	-
M2	514^**	218	2.36	0.950	0.082	0.073–0.092	0.114	10000	M1	28.7^*	16	0.026	−0.003	−0.002	0.064	Reject
M2a	490^**	213	2.30	0.954	0.081	0.071–0.090	0.066	10000	M1	4.64	11	0.947	0.001	−0.003	0.016	Accept
M3	531^**	234	2.27	0.950	0.080	0.071–0.089	0.115	9920	M2	17.5	16	0.356	0.000	0.000	0.000	Accept
Below tertiary (n = 131) and Tertiary (n = 269)
M1	514^**	202	2.55	0.948	0.088	0.079–0.097	0.056	10100	–	–	–	–	–	–	-	-
M2	534^**	218	2.45	0.947	0.085	0.076–0.094	0.094	10000	M1	19.4	16	0.250	−0.001	−0.003	0.038	Accept
M3	550^**	234	2.35	0.947	0.082	0.073–0.091	0.094	9950	M2	16.1	16	0.450	0.000	−0.003	0.000	Accept
FHC-NU (Sg):
Female (n = 251) and Male (n = 149)
M1	395^**	196	2.01	0.961	0.071	0.061–0.081	0.047	8981	–	–	–	–	–	–	-	-
M2	408^**	212	1.92	0.962	0.068	0.058–0.078	0.068	8898	M1	12.6	16	0.703	0.001	−0.003	0.021	Accept
M3	424^**	228	1.86	0.962	0.066	0.056–0.075	0.068	8818	M2	16.0	16	0.456	0.000	−0.002	0.000	Accept
< 41 years old (n = 194) and ≥41 years old (n = 206)
M1	395^**	196	2.02	0.962	0.071	0.061–0.081	0.045	8500	–	–	–	–	–	–	-	-
M2	406^**	212	1.92	0.963	0.068	0.058–0.078	0.076	8846	M1	11.2	16	0.800	0.001	−0.003	0.031	Accept
M3	424^**	228	1.86	0.962	0.066	0.056–0.075	0.076	8768	M2	18.2	16	0.314	−0.001	−0.002	0.000	Accept
Pre-tertiary (n = 131) and Tertiary (n = 269)
M1	369^**	196	1.88	0.966	0.066	0.056–0.077	0.046	8971	–	–	–	–	–	–	-	-
M2	379^**	212	1.79	0.967	0.063	0.052–0.073	0.066	8885	M1	10.57	16	0.835	0.001	−0.003	0.020	Accept
M3	398^**	228	1.74	0.967	0.061	0.051–0.071	0.066	8808	M2	18.45	16	0.298	0.000	−0.002	0.000	Accept

All estimates are rounded off to 3 significant figures.

p < 0.05;

^**

p < 0.001. M1 = Configural invariance model (Unconstrained). M2 = Metric invariance model (Fully constrained factor loadings only). M2a = Partial metric invariance model (Partially constrained factor loadings only). M3 = Scalar invariance model (Fully constrained factor loadings and fully constrained item intercepts). m∧, Model comparison for difference between model fits.