Table 2.

Characteristics of the studies included.

Author/year/country	Objectives	Study design	Target population	Participants	Sample	Sampling and sample size	Data collection method	Quality rating (JBI)
Brink et al., 2016 [21], South Africa	Implementation of pharmacist-led audit and feedback for peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis.	Pre-post implementation study	34 private hospitals	42 nonspecialized pharmacists. Anesthetists, surgeons, infection prevention practitioners, nurses, theatre managers.	Patients on peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis	Convenience sampling N = 24,206 surgical cases	Patient medical Records, standardized templates using microsoft excel.	7
Kerr et al., 2021 [31], Ghana, Uganda, Zambia, and Tanzania.	Assess compliance with antibiotic policy prescriptions issued to ambulatory patients with moderate or mild pneumonia.	Pre-post study.	Ghana-1 public municipal hospital.	45 pharmacists, AMS teams.	Patients prescriptions	Convenience sampling N = 757 prescriptions.	Patients medical records from databases onto excel spreadsheet	6
Gebretekle et al., 2020 [30], Ethiopia.	Assess impact and feasibility of a pharmacist driven intervention on antibiotic utilization.	Single prospective quasi experimental study.	1 teaching and referral hospital.	80 nonspecialized pharmacists (4 clinical pharmacists) AMS teams.	Prescriptions for in-patients receiving systemic antibiotics	Convenience sampling N = 1264 (intervention phase), N = 1141 (post intervention)	Patients medical records. Structured forms attached to patient charts	7
Momanyi et al., 2019, Kenya. [32]	Determine prescribing patterns of antibiotics in one of the referral hospitals in Kenya	Point prevalence cross-sectional survey	1 referral hospital	Pharmacists	In-patients on systematic antibiotics.	Convenience sampling N = 179	Patient medical records, PPS forms, microsoft excel.	8
Brink et al., 2016 [21], South Africa	Assess the reduction of overall antibiotic utilization in hospitals in South Africa through antimicrobial stewardship implementation strategy that utilizes existing resources.	Longitudinal cohort survey. (pre-post)	47 private hospitals	64 nonspecialized pharmacists. Doctors, nursing, clinical staff and infection prevention practitioner.	Patients on antibiotic treatment	Convenience sampling N = 116,662	Patients medical records, standardized templates	8
Messina et al., 2015 [33], South Africa.	Evaluate change in adherence with administration of antimicrobials within an hour of prescription.	Prospective multicenter quasi-experimental (pre-post)	33 private hospitals	Nonspecialized pharmacists	Patients receiving intravenous antibiotics.	Convenience sampling N = 32,985	Patient medical records	6
Van Den Bergh et al., 2020 [26], South Africa.	Assess the utilization of non-specialized pharmacists in implementing community-acquired pneumonia.	Multicenter prospective cohort study.	39 public and private hospitals	63 nonspecialized pharmacists physicians and other multidisciplinary teams	Adult patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia.	Convenience sampling N = 2464	Standardized daily sheets	8
Abubakar et al., 2019 [27], Nigeria.	Evaluate impact of antibiotic stewardship interventions on prescribing of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis.	Prospective pre-post intervention study	2 public tertiary hospitals	Nonspecialized pharmacists.	Obstetric and gynecological surgical cases.	Convenience sampling 226-pre, 238-post	Patients medical records	7
Sneddon et al., 2020 [29], Ghana	Capacity building staffs through training and collection of data on antibiotic use.	Pre-post study	1 public hospital	Nonspecialized pharmacist Medical, nursing team	60 healthcare workers	Convenience sampling	Questionnaires Patients medical records	7