Table 3.

Key themes and sub-themes.

Key theme	Theme 1: Interventions of pharmacist led AMS.	Theme 2: Impacts of pharmacist led AMS.	Theme 3: Challenges in implementation of pharmacist led AMS.	Theme 4: Enabling factors for implementation of pharmacist led AMS.	Theme 5: Leadership and governance.
Sub-theme	1.1 Education and training. 1.2 Audits and feedback. 1.3 Development of protocols. 1.4 Ward rounds.	2.1 Improved adherence to antibiotic guidelines. 2.2 Reduced inappropriateness. 2.3 Decreased antibiotic utilization. 2.4 Decreased hospitalization. 2.5 Decreased healthcare costs. 2.6 Improved clinical outcomes.	3.1 Clinical governance related challenges 3.1.1 Lack of hospital policies and guidelines. 3.1.2 Lack of AMS multidisciplinary teams. 3.1.3 Poor documentation. 3.1.4 Prescribers attitudes, knowledge and practices. 3.1.5 Guidance and knowledge on system improvement methodologies. 3.2 Resources related challenges. 3.2.1 Weak laboratory infrastructure. 3.2.2 Technological infrastructure. 3.2.3 Limited stewardship time and inadequate human resource.	4.1 Working in partnerships. 4.2 Mentorship. 4.3 Funding. 4.4 Continuous professional development and in service training. 4.5 Continuous monitoring, evaluation and feedback. 4.6 Accountability 4.7 Multidisciplinary engagement and collaboration. 4.8 Development of guidelines. 4.9 Diagnostic stewardship.	5.1 Financial resources. 5.2 Human resources. 5.2.1 Employment. 5.2.2 Training and mentorship. 5.3 Guidelines and protocols for operations. 5.4 Infrastructural capacity.