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. 2022 Oct 13;2022:8384306. doi: 10.1155/2022/8384306

Table 1.

Study population data according to serum 25(OH)D quartiles.

Serum 25(OH)D Total Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P-value
Age, years 47.319 ± 0.218 44.127 ± 0.288 45.035 ± 0.323 47.076 ± 0.279 51.095 ± 0.294 <0.001

Gender, %
 Male 14830 (49.5%) 3479 (11.6%) 4020 (13.4%) 4032 (13.5%) 3299 (11.0%) <0.001
 Female 15103 (50.5%) 4035 (13.5%) 3461 (11.6%) 3432 (11.5%) 4175 (13.9%)

Race, %
 Mexican American 4818 (16.1%) 1505 (5.0%) 1630 (5.4%) 1141 (3.8%) 542 (1.8%) <0.001
 Other Hispanic 2306 (7.7%) 523 (1.7%) 718 (2.4%) 639 (2.1%) 426 (1.4%)
 Non-Hispanic Black 5912 (19.8%) 3116 (10.4%) 1338 (4.5%) 790 (2.6%) 668 (2.2%)
 Non-Hispanic White 14445 (48.3%) 1673 (5.6%) 3158 (10.6%) 4333 (14.5%) 5281 (17.6%)
 Other race 2452 (8.2%) 697 (2.3%) 637 (2.1%) 561 (1.9%) 557 (1.9%)

Family PIR 3.108 ± 0.030 2.582 ± 0.036 2.957 ± 0.039 3.228 ± 0.035 3.422 ± 0.038 <0.001

Education level, %
 Less than high school 6876 (23.0%) 2019 (6.7%) 1944 (26.0%) 1641 (5.5%) 1272 (4.2%) <0.001
 High school 2835 (9.5%) 717 (2.4%) 677 (2.3%) 646 (2.2%) 795 (2.7%)
 More than high school 20222 (67.6%) 4778 (16.0%) 4860 (16.2%) 5177 (17.3%) 5407 (18.1%)

Marital status, %
 Having a partner 18490 (61.8%) 4016 (13.4%) 4674 (15.6%) 4947 (16.5%) 4853 (16.2%) <0.001
 No partner 6415 (21.4%) 1680 (5.6%) 1505 (5.0%) 1497 (5.0%) 1733 (5.8%)
 Unmarried 5028 (16.8%) 1818 (6.1%) 1302 (4.3%) 1020 (3.4%) 888 (3.0%)

Hypertension, %
 No 17111 (57.2%) 4243 (14.2%) 4515 (15.1%) 4383 (14.6%) 3970 (13.3%) <0.001
 Yes 12822 (42.8%) 3271 (10.9%) 2966 (9.9%) 3081 (10.3%) 3504 (11.7%)

DM, %
 No 24826 (82.9%) 6059 (20.2%) 6202 (20.7%) 6308 (21.1%) 6257 (20.9%) <0.001
 Yes 5107 (17.1%) 1455 (4.9%) 1279 (4.3%) 1156 (3.9%) 1217 (4.1%)

Smoker, %
 No 16148 (53.9%) 4183 (14.0%) 4168 (13.9%) 3905 (13.0%) 3892 (13.0%) <0.001
 Former 7669 (25.6%) 1462 (4.9%) 1806 (6.0%) 2139 (7.1%) 2262 (7.6%)
 Now 6116 (20.4%) 1869 (6.2%) 1507 (5.0%) 1420 (4.7%) 1320 (4.4%)

Alcohol user, %
 Never 3981 (13.3%) 1228 (4.1%) 1030 (3.4%) 851 (2.8%) 872 (2.9%) <0.001
 Former 5146 (17.2%) 1307 (4.4%) 1361 (4.5%) 1292 (4.3%) 1186 (4.0%)
 Mild 10340 (34.5%) 2210 (7.4%) 2491 (8.3%) 2705 (9.0%) 2934 (9.8%)
 Moderate 4636 (15.5%) 1178 (3.9%) 1070 (3.6%) 1204 (4.0%) 1184 (4.0%)
 Heavy 5830 (19.5%) 1591 (5.3%) 1529 (5.1%) 1412 (4.7%) 1298 (4.3%)

CHD, %
 No 28680 (95.8%) 7258 (24.2%) 7175 (24.0%) 7161 (23.9%) 7086 (23.7%) 0.095
 Yes 1253 (4.2%) 256 (0.9%) 306 (1.0%) 303 (1.0%) 388(1.3%)

CHF, %
 No 29054 (97.1%) 7263 (24.3%) 7278 (24.3%) 7283 (24.3%) 7230 (24.2%) <0.001
 Yes 879 (2.9%) 251 (0.8%) 203 (0.7%) 181 (0.6%) 244 (0.8%)

Angina, %
 No 29089 (97.2%) 7295 (24.4%) 7267 (24.3%) 7276 (24.3%) 7251 (24.2%) 0.166
 Yes 844 (2.8%) 219 (0.7%) 214 (0.7%) 188 (0.6%) 223 (0.7%)

Heart attack, %
 No 28665 (95.8%) 7209 (24.1%) 7187 (24.0%) 7138 (23.8%) 7131 (23.8%) 0.239
 Yes 1268 (4.2%) 305 (1.0%) 294 (1.0%) 326 (1.1%) 343 (1.1%)

Stroke, %
 No 28877 (96.5%) 7253 (24.2%) 7256 (24.2%) 7215 (24.1%) 7153 (23.9%) 0.001
 Yes 1056 (3.5%) 261 (0.9%) 225 (0.8%) 249 (0.8%) 321 (1.1%)

CKD, %
 No 24689 (82.5%) 6161 (20.6%) 6321 (21.1%) 6287 (21.0%) 5920 (19.8%) <0.001
 Yes 5244 (17.5%) 1353 (4.5%) 1160 (3.9%) 1177 (3.9%) 1554 (5.2%)

BMI, kg/m2 28.844 ± 0.072 30.960 ± 0.137 29.571 ± 0.132 28.492 ± 0.105 27.378 ± 0.091 <0.001

Waist circumference, cm 98.842 ± 0.181 102.572 ± 0.335 100.492 ± 0.319 98.404 ± 0.254 95.823 ± 0.265 <0.001

RBC, million cells/ul 4.714 ± 0.007 4.724 ± 0.010 4.762 ± 0.009 4.750 ± 0.009 4.642 ± 0.010 <0.0001

Hb, g/dl 14.350 ± 0.023 14.093 ± 0.033 14.438 ± 0.028 14.504 ± 0.027 14.300 ± 0.034 <0.0001

Serum iron, ug/dl 87.784 ± 0.348 80.342 ± 0.549 87.907 ± 0.594 88.667 ± 0.498 91.244 ± 0.591 <0.001

Calcium, mg/dl 9.435 ± 0.006 9.390 ± 0.009 9.422 ± 0.008 9.439 ± 0.007 9.469 ± 0.009 <0.001

Phosphorus, mg/dl 1.208 ± 0.002 1.204 ± 0.003 1.204 ± 0.003 1.208 ± 0.003 1.216 ± 0.003 0.005

Mean energy intake, kcal 2137.327 ± 7.357 2071.327 ± 13.574 2150.599 ± 13.724 2204.818 ± 12.138 2106.481 ± 12.942 <0.001

Protein intake, g 83.081 ± 0.323 78.920 ± 0.512 83.956 ± 0.541 85.968 ± 0.571 82.309 ± 0.552 <0.001

Folic acid intake, mcg 189.390 ± 1.525 168.985 ± 2.166 191.162 ± 2.509 200.219 ± 2.819 190.416 ± 2.712 <0.001

Vitamin B12 intake, mcg 5.310 ± 0.050 4.629 ± 0.095 5.275 ± 0.074 5.686 ± 0.091 5.403 ± 0.072 <0.001

Vitamin C intake, mg 83.903 ± 0.872 82.746 ± 1.461 82.011 ± 1.264 84.748 ± 1.207 85.248 ± 1.470 0.189

Iron intake, mg 15.361 ± 0.072 14.070 ± 0.110 15.322 ± 0.111 16.057 ± 0.129 15.528 ± 0.123 <0.001

Anemia, %
 No 27438 (91.7%) 6583 (22.0%) 6898 (23.0%) 7043 (23.5%) 6914 (23.1%) <0.001
 Yes 2495 (8.3%) 931 (3.1%) 583 (1.9%) 421 (1.4%) 560 (1.9%)

Q1, 6.31–44.4 nmol/L; Q2, 44.5–60.6 nmol/L; Q3, 60.7–77.7 nmol/L; Q4, 77.8–422 nmol/L; Serum 25(OH)D, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Family PIR, family poverty income ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney diseases; BMI, body mass index; RBC, red blood cell; Hb, hemoglobin.