Table 1.
Study population data according to serum 25(OH)D quartiles.
| Serum 25(OH)D | Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 47.319 ± 0.218 | 44.127 ± 0.288 | 45.035 ± 0.323 | 47.076 ± 0.279 | 51.095 ± 0.294 | <0.001 |
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| Gender, % | ||||||
| Male | 14830 (49.5%) | 3479 (11.6%) | 4020 (13.4%) | 4032 (13.5%) | 3299 (11.0%) | <0.001 |
| Female | 15103 (50.5%) | 4035 (13.5%) | 3461 (11.6%) | 3432 (11.5%) | 4175 (13.9%) | |
|
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| Race, % | ||||||
| Mexican American | 4818 (16.1%) | 1505 (5.0%) | 1630 (5.4%) | 1141 (3.8%) | 542 (1.8%) | <0.001 |
| Other Hispanic | 2306 (7.7%) | 523 (1.7%) | 718 (2.4%) | 639 (2.1%) | 426 (1.4%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 5912 (19.8%) | 3116 (10.4%) | 1338 (4.5%) | 790 (2.6%) | 668 (2.2%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 14445 (48.3%) | 1673 (5.6%) | 3158 (10.6%) | 4333 (14.5%) | 5281 (17.6%) | |
| Other race | 2452 (8.2%) | 697 (2.3%) | 637 (2.1%) | 561 (1.9%) | 557 (1.9%) | |
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| Family PIR | 3.108 ± 0.030 | 2.582 ± 0.036 | 2.957 ± 0.039 | 3.228 ± 0.035 | 3.422 ± 0.038 | <0.001 |
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| Education level, % | ||||||
| Less than high school | 6876 (23.0%) | 2019 (6.7%) | 1944 (26.0%) | 1641 (5.5%) | 1272 (4.2%) | <0.001 |
| High school | 2835 (9.5%) | 717 (2.4%) | 677 (2.3%) | 646 (2.2%) | 795 (2.7%) | |
| More than high school | 20222 (67.6%) | 4778 (16.0%) | 4860 (16.2%) | 5177 (17.3%) | 5407 (18.1%) | |
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| Marital status, % | ||||||
| Having a partner | 18490 (61.8%) | 4016 (13.4%) | 4674 (15.6%) | 4947 (16.5%) | 4853 (16.2%) | <0.001 |
| No partner | 6415 (21.4%) | 1680 (5.6%) | 1505 (5.0%) | 1497 (5.0%) | 1733 (5.8%) | |
| Unmarried | 5028 (16.8%) | 1818 (6.1%) | 1302 (4.3%) | 1020 (3.4%) | 888 (3.0%) | |
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| Hypertension, % | ||||||
| No | 17111 (57.2%) | 4243 (14.2%) | 4515 (15.1%) | 4383 (14.6%) | 3970 (13.3%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 12822 (42.8%) | 3271 (10.9%) | 2966 (9.9%) | 3081 (10.3%) | 3504 (11.7%) | |
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| DM, % | ||||||
| No | 24826 (82.9%) | 6059 (20.2%) | 6202 (20.7%) | 6308 (21.1%) | 6257 (20.9%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 5107 (17.1%) | 1455 (4.9%) | 1279 (4.3%) | 1156 (3.9%) | 1217 (4.1%) | |
|
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| Smoker, % | ||||||
| No | 16148 (53.9%) | 4183 (14.0%) | 4168 (13.9%) | 3905 (13.0%) | 3892 (13.0%) | <0.001 |
| Former | 7669 (25.6%) | 1462 (4.9%) | 1806 (6.0%) | 2139 (7.1%) | 2262 (7.6%) | |
| Now | 6116 (20.4%) | 1869 (6.2%) | 1507 (5.0%) | 1420 (4.7%) | 1320 (4.4%) | |
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| Alcohol user, % | ||||||
| Never | 3981 (13.3%) | 1228 (4.1%) | 1030 (3.4%) | 851 (2.8%) | 872 (2.9%) | <0.001 |
| Former | 5146 (17.2%) | 1307 (4.4%) | 1361 (4.5%) | 1292 (4.3%) | 1186 (4.0%) | |
| Mild | 10340 (34.5%) | 2210 (7.4%) | 2491 (8.3%) | 2705 (9.0%) | 2934 (9.8%) | |
| Moderate | 4636 (15.5%) | 1178 (3.9%) | 1070 (3.6%) | 1204 (4.0%) | 1184 (4.0%) | |
| Heavy | 5830 (19.5%) | 1591 (5.3%) | 1529 (5.1%) | 1412 (4.7%) | 1298 (4.3%) | |
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| CHD, % | ||||||
| No | 28680 (95.8%) | 7258 (24.2%) | 7175 (24.0%) | 7161 (23.9%) | 7086 (23.7%) | 0.095 |
| Yes | 1253 (4.2%) | 256 (0.9%) | 306 (1.0%) | 303 (1.0%) | 388(1.3%) | |
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| CHF, % | ||||||
| No | 29054 (97.1%) | 7263 (24.3%) | 7278 (24.3%) | 7283 (24.3%) | 7230 (24.2%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 879 (2.9%) | 251 (0.8%) | 203 (0.7%) | 181 (0.6%) | 244 (0.8%) | |
|
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| Angina, % | ||||||
| No | 29089 (97.2%) | 7295 (24.4%) | 7267 (24.3%) | 7276 (24.3%) | 7251 (24.2%) | 0.166 |
| Yes | 844 (2.8%) | 219 (0.7%) | 214 (0.7%) | 188 (0.6%) | 223 (0.7%) | |
|
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| Heart attack, % | ||||||
| No | 28665 (95.8%) | 7209 (24.1%) | 7187 (24.0%) | 7138 (23.8%) | 7131 (23.8%) | 0.239 |
| Yes | 1268 (4.2%) | 305 (1.0%) | 294 (1.0%) | 326 (1.1%) | 343 (1.1%) | |
|
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| Stroke, % | ||||||
| No | 28877 (96.5%) | 7253 (24.2%) | 7256 (24.2%) | 7215 (24.1%) | 7153 (23.9%) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 1056 (3.5%) | 261 (0.9%) | 225 (0.8%) | 249 (0.8%) | 321 (1.1%) | |
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| CKD, % | ||||||
| No | 24689 (82.5%) | 6161 (20.6%) | 6321 (21.1%) | 6287 (21.0%) | 5920 (19.8%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 5244 (17.5%) | 1353 (4.5%) | 1160 (3.9%) | 1177 (3.9%) | 1554 (5.2%) | |
|
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| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.844 ± 0.072 | 30.960 ± 0.137 | 29.571 ± 0.132 | 28.492 ± 0.105 | 27.378 ± 0.091 | <0.001 |
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| Waist circumference, cm | 98.842 ± 0.181 | 102.572 ± 0.335 | 100.492 ± 0.319 | 98.404 ± 0.254 | 95.823 ± 0.265 | <0.001 |
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| RBC, million cells/ul | 4.714 ± 0.007 | 4.724 ± 0.010 | 4.762 ± 0.009 | 4.750 ± 0.009 | 4.642 ± 0.010 | <0.0001 |
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| Hb, g/dl | 14.350 ± 0.023 | 14.093 ± 0.033 | 14.438 ± 0.028 | 14.504 ± 0.027 | 14.300 ± 0.034 | <0.0001 |
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| Serum iron, ug/dl | 87.784 ± 0.348 | 80.342 ± 0.549 | 87.907 ± 0.594 | 88.667 ± 0.498 | 91.244 ± 0.591 | <0.001 |
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| Calcium, mg/dl | 9.435 ± 0.006 | 9.390 ± 0.009 | 9.422 ± 0.008 | 9.439 ± 0.007 | 9.469 ± 0.009 | <0.001 |
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| Phosphorus, mg/dl | 1.208 ± 0.002 | 1.204 ± 0.003 | 1.204 ± 0.003 | 1.208 ± 0.003 | 1.216 ± 0.003 | 0.005 |
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| Mean energy intake, kcal | 2137.327 ± 7.357 | 2071.327 ± 13.574 | 2150.599 ± 13.724 | 2204.818 ± 12.138 | 2106.481 ± 12.942 | <0.001 |
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| Protein intake, g | 83.081 ± 0.323 | 78.920 ± 0.512 | 83.956 ± 0.541 | 85.968 ± 0.571 | 82.309 ± 0.552 | <0.001 |
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| Folic acid intake, mcg | 189.390 ± 1.525 | 168.985 ± 2.166 | 191.162 ± 2.509 | 200.219 ± 2.819 | 190.416 ± 2.712 | <0.001 |
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| Vitamin B12 intake, mcg | 5.310 ± 0.050 | 4.629 ± 0.095 | 5.275 ± 0.074 | 5.686 ± 0.091 | 5.403 ± 0.072 | <0.001 |
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| Vitamin C intake, mg | 83.903 ± 0.872 | 82.746 ± 1.461 | 82.011 ± 1.264 | 84.748 ± 1.207 | 85.248 ± 1.470 | 0.189 |
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| Iron intake, mg | 15.361 ± 0.072 | 14.070 ± 0.110 | 15.322 ± 0.111 | 16.057 ± 0.129 | 15.528 ± 0.123 | <0.001 |
|
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| Anemia, % | ||||||
| No | 27438 (91.7%) | 6583 (22.0%) | 6898 (23.0%) | 7043 (23.5%) | 6914 (23.1%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2495 (8.3%) | 931 (3.1%) | 583 (1.9%) | 421 (1.4%) | 560 (1.9%) | |
Q1, 6.31–44.4 nmol/L; Q2, 44.5–60.6 nmol/L; Q3, 60.7–77.7 nmol/L; Q4, 77.8–422 nmol/L; Serum 25(OH)D, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Family PIR, family poverty income ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney diseases; BMI, body mass index; RBC, red blood cell; Hb, hemoglobin.