Lifestyle Increased falls risk • poor balance • vision impairment Sarcopaenia Smoking Alcohol consumption Physical inactivity Low calcium intake Vitamin D deficiency Low protein intake

Conditions Endocrine diseases Sex hormone deficiency Cushing syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Diabetes mellitus Impaired gastric absorption Coeliac disease Upper gastrointestinal surgery Rheumatoid arthritis

Drugs Glucocorticoids Excessive thyroid hormone replacement Androgen deprivation therapy Aromatase inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors Thiazolidinediones Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Long-term heparin Antiepileptics Cyclophosphamide Sedating drugs Antihypertensives