Fig. 3.

Relationship between time awake and the mean percentage change (95% CIs shown by the grey shaded area) in exercise performance for all tasks (combined exercise categories). Circle diameter corresponds to the weight of the outcome measure from each trial. a Sleep restriction (n = 121): mean %_Δ =  − 0.36, 95% CI − 0.52 to − 0.19; p < 0.001. Green circles represent ‘sleep restriction’ (not further defined); blue circles represent ‘early restriction’; and orange circles represent ‘late restriction’. b Sleep deprivation (n = 97): mean %_Δ =  − 0.30, 95% CI − 0.59 to 0.01; p = 0.051. Deprivation: participants did not sleep for an extended period of time (i.e., whole night); early restriction: participants delayed sleep (i.e., went to sleep at a later time); late restriction: participants awakened earlier than normal. CIs confidence intervals