Table 4.
Meta-regression relationship between time awake and percentage change in exercise performance
| Exercise category | Sleep-loss condition | Outcomes, n | Exercise performance percentage change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | |||
| All categories | Overall | 218 | –0.09 (− 0.19 to 0.01) | 0.095 |
| Deprivation | 97 | − 0.30 (− 0.59 to 0.01) | 0.051 | |
| Restriction | 121 | − 0.36 (− 0.52 to − 0.19) | < 0.001 | |
| Early restriction | 62 | − 0.10 (− 0.27 to 0.09) | 0.323 | |
| Late restriction | 57 | − 0.55 (− 0.82 to − 0.28) | < 0.001 | |
| Anaerobic power | Overall | 57 | − 0.20 (− 0.37 to − 0.04) | 0.016 |
| Deprivation | 25 | − 0.19 (− 0.49 to 0.12) | 0.213 | |
| Restriction | 32 | − 0.47 (− 0.79 to − 0.14) | 0.007 | |
| Early restriction | 11 | 0.16 (− 0.47 to 0.15) | 0.266 | |
| Late restriction | 21 | − 0.56 (− 1.09 to − 0.02) | 0.043 | |
| Speed/power endurance | Overall | 31 | − 0.19 (− 0.39 to 0.01) | 0.063 |
| Deprivation | 12 | − 1.00 (− 1.80 to − 0.21) | 0.018 | |
| Restriction | 19 | − 0.46 (− 0.71 to − 0.22) | < 0.001 | |
| Early restriction | 7 | − 0.18 (− 0.62 to 0.26) | 0.344 | |
| Late restriction | 12 | − 0.57 (− 0.98 to − 0.15) | 0.012 | |
| HIIE | Overall | 27 | − 0.05 (− 0.21 to 0.11) | 0.532 |
| Deprivation | 9 | − 0.05 (− 0.26 to 0.16) | 0.605 | |
| Restriction | 18 | − 0.79 (− 1.59 to 0.02) | 0.056 | |
| Early restriction | 8 | − 0.41 (− 2.14 to 1.32) | 0.586 | |
| Late restriction | 10 | 0.59 (− 1.56 to 2.74) | 0.546 | |
| Strength | Overall | 65 | − 0.08 (− 0.23 to 0.07) | 0.315 |
| Deprivation | 29 | − 0.11 (− 0.46 to 0.25) | 0.538 | |
| Restriction | 36 | − 0.23 (− 0.52 to 0.05) | 0.108 | |
| Early restriction | 26 | − 0.04 (− 0.33 to 0.25) | 0.792 | |
| Late restriction | 10 | − 1.07 (− 2.05 to − 0.10) | 0.035 | |
| Endurance | Overall | 21 | − 0.12 (− 0.39 to 0.14) | 0.345 |
| Deprivation | 14 | 0.77 (− 0.55 to 2.09) | 0.253 | |
| Restriction | 7 | − 0.24 (− 0.77 to 0.29) | 0.290 | |
| Early restriction | 2 | |||
| Late restriction | 3 | − 0.46 (− 1.97 to 1.05) | 0.548 | |
| Skill | Overall | 11 | − 0.03 (− 0.57 to 0.51) | 0.896 |
| Sleep deprivation | 2 | |||
| Restriction | 9 | − 0.15 (− 1.39 to 1.09) | 0.782 | |
| Early restriction | 8 | − 0.02 (− 1.28 to 1.25) | 0.975 | |
| Late restriction | 1 | |||
Deprivation: participants did not sleep for an extended period of time (i.e., whole night); restriction: total sleep time ≤ 6 h in any 24 h period—this category is a combination of early restriction, late restriction, fragmented sleep and sleep restriction protocols not specified; early restriction: participants delayed sleep (i.e., went to sleep at a later time); late restriction; participants awakened earlier than normal
HIIE high-intensity interval exercise, CI confidence interval