Table 5.

Influence of sleep loss on body–limb strength

Exercise category	Outcomes, n	Exercise performance percentage change		Heterogeneity
		Mean (95% CI)	p value	I2 value	p value
Upper- vs. lower-body strength
Overall upper body	18	− 1.63 (− 3.30 to 0.04)	0.056	32.7	0.069
Overall lower body	46	− 3.42 (− 5.54 to − 1.31)	0.002	65.6	< 0.001
Sleep-loss condition
Upper body
Deprivation	6	− 3.18 (− 9.13 to 2.77)	0.228	58.9	0.104
Restriction	12	− 0.73 (− 2.67 to 1.22)	0.428	11.5	0.186
Early restriction	6	− 1.21 (− 3.71 to 1.29)	0.268	< 0.001	0.752
Late restriction	6	− 1.13 (− 6.07 to 3.81)	0.583	61.6	0.035
Lower-body
Deprivation	21	− 3.25 (− 5.09 to − 1.41)	0.002	54.7	< 0.001
Restriction	25	− 4.50 (− 10.2 to 1.17)	0.114	72.8	< 0.001
Early restriction	20	− 1.36 (− 3.81 to 1.09)	0.259	6.97	0.892
Late restriction	5	− 8.26 (− 20.4 to 3.90)	0.132	81.7	< 0.001

Deprivation: participants did not sleep for an extended period of time (i.e., whole night); restriction: total sleep time ≤ 6 h in any 24 h period—this category is a combination of early restriction, late restriction, fragmented sleep and sleep restriction protocols not specified; early restriction: participants delayed sleep (i.e., went to sleep at a later time); late restriction; participants awakened earlier than normal

CI confidence interval