Table 1.
Differences in socioeconomic characteristics between COVID-affected and COVID-unaffected groups for DPT3 vaccination.
| Affected mean | Affected SD | Unaffected mean | Unaffected SD | Difference | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPT-3 | 0.70 | 0.46 | 0.84 | 0.37 | −0.13∗∗ | 0.00 |
| DPT-3 delay | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.49 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
| Region | ||||||
| North | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.05∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Central | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.26∗∗ | 0.00 |
| East | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.20 | 0.40 | −0.03∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Northeast | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.36 | −0.11∗∗ | 0.00 |
| West | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.30 | −0.1∗∗ | 0.00 |
| South | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.34 | −0.07∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Locality | ||||||
| Urban | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.20 | 0.40 | −0.01∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0.73 | 0.45 | 0.08∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Muslim | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.36 | −0.04∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Sikh | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.28 | −0.05∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Christian | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.01∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Other | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.86 |
| Caste | ||||||
| SC | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.02∗∗ | 0.00 |
| ST | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
| OBC | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.03∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Other | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.41 | −0.05∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Household size | ||||||
| >4 | 0.78 | 0.42 | 0.74 | 0.44 | 0.04∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Head age | ||||||
| <21 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0∗∗ | 0.00 |
| 21–31 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.42 | −0.01∗∗ | 0.00 |
| 31–41 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.43 | −0.08∗∗ | 0.00 |
| >41 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.08∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Head sex | ||||||
| Female | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.36 | −0.01∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 0.99 | 0.08 | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.01∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Mother education | ||||||
| No education | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.42 | −0.02∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Primary | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.34 | −0.02∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Secondary | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.95 |
| Higher | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.04∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Child sex | ||||||
| Female | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.38 |
| Child age (months) | ||||||
| <3 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.36∗∗ | 0.00 |
| 3–6 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.14∗∗ | 0.00 |
| 6–12 | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.21∗∗ | 0.00 |
| >12 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.85 | 0.35 | −0.72∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Birth order | ||||||
| 1 | 0.40 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.02∗∗ | 0.00 |
| 2 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.47 | −0.01∗∗ | 0.00 |
| 3 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.64 |
| >3 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.34 | −0.01∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Delivery place | ||||||
| Institutional | 0.89 | 0.31 | 0.86 | 0.35 | 0.03∗∗ | 0.00 |
| Sample size | 18,803 | 214,117 | ||||
Note: HepB0, hepatitis B given at birth; DPT, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus; BCG, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin; standard errors are below coefficients. +p < 0.1, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01. Treatment group comprises children who did not reach eligibility age for DPT3 at time of first COVID-19 lockdown.