Table 1.
DD regressions of employment variables.
| Explanatory variables | Dependent variables |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployed (yes = 1, no = 0) | Temporary layoff (yes = 1, no = 0) | Having a wage job (yes = 1, no = 0) | Having job with contract (yes = 1, no = 0) | Having a formal job (yes = 1, no = 0) | Log of number of working hours in the last 7 days | Log of monthly wage (wage workers) | Having wage below minimum wage (yes = 1, no = 0) | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Quarter 2 * COVID year | 0.0098*** | 0.0305*** | −0.0171*** | −0.0099*** | −0.0076*** | −0.0073 | −0.1096*** | 0.0553*** |
| (0.0012) | (0.0004) | (0.0040) | (0.0015) | (0.0015) | (0.0213) | (0.0027) | (0.0022) | |
| Quarter 3 * COVID year | 0.0084*** | 0.0028*** | −0.0128*** | −0.0142*** | −0.0124*** | 0.0263 | −0.0721*** | 0.0278*** |
| (0.0011) | (0.0004) | (0.0041) | (0.0016) | (0.0015) | (0.0212) | (0.0024) | (0.0015) | |
| Quarter 4 * COVID year | 0.0090*** | 0.0004** | −0.0145*** | −0.0113*** | −0.0100*** | 0.0313 | −0.0819*** | 0.1008*** |
| (0.0014) | (0.0002) | (0.0042) | (0.0012) | (0.0011) | (0.0217) | (0.0036) | (0.0027) | |
| Quarter 1 | Reference | |||||||
| Quarter 2 | −0.0039*** | −0.0006*** | 0.0137*** | 0.0032*** | 0.0021*** | 0.0533** | −0.0216*** | −0.0138*** |
| (0.0012) | (0.0001) | (0.0044) | (0.0007) | (0.0007) | (0.0215) | (0.0038) | (0.0016) | |
| Quarter 3 | −0.0051*** | −0.0007*** | 0.0134*** | 0.0038*** | 0.0025*** | 0.0645*** | −0.0027 | −0.0262*** |
| (0.0011) | (0.0001) | (0.0045) | (0.0006) | (0.0007) | (0.0213) | (0.0039) | (0.0018) | |
| Quarter4 | −0.0075*** | −0.0008*** | 0.0281*** | 0.0104*** | 0.0087*** | 0.0876*** | 0.0010 | −0.0321*** |
| (0.0014) | (0.0001) | (0.0046) | (0.0008) | (0.0007) | (0.0219) | (0.0049) | (0.0019) | |
| COVID year | −0.0004 | −0.0004** | 0.0793*** | 0.0293*** | 0.0347*** | −0.0267 | 0.2746*** | −0.0606*** |
| (0.0010) | (0.0002) | (0.0081) | (0.0037) | (0.0038) | (0.0191) | (0.0056) | (0.0028) | |
| Male (male = 1, female = 0) | 0.0003 | 0.0003* | 0.0948*** | −0.0298*** | −0.0383*** | 0.0764*** | 0.1770*** | −0.0507*** |
| (0.0008) | (0.0001) | (0.0038) | (0.0037) | (0.0036) | (0.0035) | (0.0050) | (0.0039) | |
| Age | −0.0056*** | 0.0000** | −0.0014** | −0.0001 | 0.0039*** | 0.0219*** | 0.0590*** | −0.0202*** |
| (0.0003) | (0.0000) | (0.0006) | (0.0005) | (0.0006) | (0.0010) | (0.0015) | (0.0010) | |
| Age squared | 0.0001*** | −0.0000*** | −0.0001*** | −0.0001*** | −0.0001*** | −0.0003*** | −0.0008*** | 0.0003*** |
| (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | |
| Less than primary education | Reference | |||||||
| Primary education | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | −0.1092*** | −0.0998** | −0.0966** | 0.0129*** | −0.0478 | −0.0124 |
| (0.0016) | (0.0001) | (0.0249) | (0.0371) | (0.0366) | (0.0039) | (0.0429) | (0.0077) | |
| Lower-secondary education | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | −0.1220*** | −0.0709 | −0.0730* | 0.0191*** | 0.0016 | −0.0271*** |
| (0.0018) | (0.0001) | (0.0280) | (0.0416) | (0.0412) | (0.0045) | (0.0462) | (0.0084) | |
| Upper-secondary education | 0.0044* | −0.0001 | −0.0396 | 0.0965** | 0.0789* | 0.0453*** | 0.0682 | −0.0375*** |
| (0.0022) | (0.0003) | (0.0305) | (0.0455) | (0.0448) | (0.0050) | (0.0489) | (0.0092) | |
| Post-secondary education | 0.0177** | −0.0006*** | 0.2100*** | 0.4620*** | 0.4612*** | −0.0097 | 0.3262*** | −0.0666*** |
| (0.0066) | (0.0002) | (0.0485) | (0.0613) | (0.0593) | (0.0087) | (0.0481) | (0.0113) | |
| Urban (urban = 1, rural = 0) | 0.0084*** | 0.0006** | 0.0526*** | 0.0477*** | 0.0427*** | 0.0660*** | 0.0520*** | 0.0003 |
| (0.0010) | (0.0002) | (0.0089) | (0.0107) | (0.0104) | (0.0049) | (0.0082) | (0.0024) | |
| Year fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| District fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 0.1439*** | 0.0008*** | 0.5935*** | 0.3305*** | 0.2066*** | 3.2270*** | 7.2432*** | 0.4992*** |
| (0.0060) | (0.0002) | (0.0318) | (0.0430) | (0.0417) | (0.0277) | (0.0532) | (0.0251) | |
| Observations | 2,759,355 | 2,759,355 | 2,759,355 | 2,759,355 | 2,759,355 | 2,682,379 | 1,124,748 | 1,124,748 |
| R-squared | 0.031 | 0.011 | 0.248 | 0.334 | 0.328 | 0.210 | 0.346 | 0.089 |
Note: This table presents estimates of the effects of COVID-19 on employment using the DD method. The effects are estimated by the interaction between the second, third quarter and fourth and the 2020 year.
Robust standard errors in parentheses (corrected for sampling weight and clustered at the district level and year-by-quarter level).
*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.