Table A4.
DD regressions of receiving below-minimum wages for formal and informal workers.
| Explanatory variables | Full sample |
Informal sector | Formal sector | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Below minimum wages (yes = 1, no = 0) | Below minimum wages (main job) (yes = 1, no = 0) | Below minimum wages (yes = 1, no = 0) | Below minimum wages (main job) (yes = 1, no = 0) | Below minimum wages (yes = 1, no = 0) | Below minimum wages (main job) (yes = 1, no = 0) | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Quarter 2 * COVID year | 0.0553*** | 0.0660*** | 0.0832*** | 0.1065*** | 0.0309*** | 0.0354*** |
| (0.0022) | (0.0022) | (0.0027) | (0.0030) | (0.0026) | (0.0021) | |
| Quarter 3 * COVID year | 0.0278*** | 0.0415*** | 0.0415*** | 0.0700*** | 0.0100*** | 0.0179*** |
| (0.0015) | (0.0020) | (0.0018) | (0.0031) | (0.0025) | (0.0020) | |
| Quarter 4 * COVID year | 0.1008*** | 0.1062*** | 0.1305*** | 0.1377*** | 0.0683*** | 0.0793*** |
| (0.0027) | (0.0024) | (0.0032) | (0.0039) | (0.0024) | (0.0017) | |
| Quarter 1 | Reference | |||||
| Quarter 2 | −0.0138*** | −0.0083*** | −0.0235*** | −0.0159*** | −0.0053*** | −0.0036** |
| (0.0016) | (0.0019) | (0.0018) | (0.0029) | (0.0019) | (0.0014) | |
| Quarter 3 | −0.0262*** | −0.0213*** | −0.0405*** | −0.0368*** | −0.0112*** | −0.0090*** |
| (0.0018) | (0.0021) | (0.0027) | (0.0034) | (0.0022) | (0.0016) | |
| Quarter4 | −0.0321*** | −0.0266*** | −0.0487*** | −0.0459*** | −0.0133*** | −0.0104*** |
| (0.0019) | (0.0022) | (0.0024) | (0.0035) | (0.0018) | (0.0014) | |
| COVID year | −0.0606*** | −0.0781*** | −0.0922*** | −0.1336*** | −0.0224*** | −0.0298*** |
| (0.0028) | (0.0029) | (0.0038) | (0.0052) | (0.0034) | (0.0026) | |
| Male (male = 1, female = 0) | −0.0507*** | −0.0619*** | −0.1341*** | −0.1691*** | −0.0040** | −0.0014 |
| (0.0039) | (0.0036) | (0.0066) | (0.0063) | (0.0015) | (0.0011) | |
| Age | −0.0202*** | −0.0256*** | −0.0236*** | −0.0274*** | −0.0071*** | −0.0097*** |
| (0.0010) | (0.0009) | (0.0011) | (0.0008) | (0.0005) | (0.0007) | |
| Age squared | 0.0003*** | 0.0004*** | 0.0003*** | 0.0004*** | 0.0001*** | 0.0001*** |
| (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | |
| Less than primary education | Reference | |||||
| Primary education | −0.0124 | 0.0058 | −0.0289*** | −0.0278*** | 0.0058** | 0.0267*** |
| (0.0077) | (0.0137) | (0.0045) | (0.0040) | (0.0027) | (0.0051) | |
| Lower-secondary education | −0.0271*** | −0.0130 | −0.0385*** | −0.0358*** | 0.0031 | 0.0209*** |
| (0.0084) | (0.0150) | (0.0048) | (0.0045) | (0.0031) | (0.0052) | |
| Upper-secondary education | −0.0375*** | −0.0381** | −0.0367*** | −0.0342*** | 0.0047 | 0.0155*** |
| (0.0092) | (0.0160) | (0.0050) | (0.0049) | (0.0031) | (0.0052) | |
| Post-secondary education | −0.0666*** | −0.0993*** | −0.0553*** | −0.0865*** | −0.0104** | −0.0129** |
| (0.0113) | (0.0178) | (0.0082) | (0.0091) | (0.0042) | (0.0058) | |
| Urban (urban = 1, rural = 0) | 0.0003 | −0.0148*** | 0.0011 | −0.0043 | 0.0013 | −0.0082*** |
| (0.0024) | (0.0038) | (0.0035) | (0.0040) | (0.0016) | (0.0015) | |
| Year fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| District fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 0.4992*** | 0.6286*** | 0.6876*** | 0.8224*** | 0.1584*** | 0.2082*** |
| (0.0251) | (0.0246) | (0.0279) | (0.0228) | (0.0130) | (0.0147) | |
| Observations | 1,110,764 | 1,110,764 | 531,635 | 531,635 | 579,116 | 579,116 |
| R-squared | 0.089 | 0.113 | 0.128 | 0.145 | 0.033 | 0.037 |
| Note: This table presents estimates of the effects of COVID-19 on employment using the DD method. The effects are estimated by the interaction between the second, third quarter and fourth and the 2020 year.Robust standard errors in parentheses (corrected for sampling weight and clustered at the district level and year-by-quarter level) . *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. | ||||||