Table A31.
Heterogeneous effect of the pandemic across provinces with different ratios of export to GDP.
| Explanatory variables | Dependent variables |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployed (yes = 1, no = 0) | Temporary layoff (yes = 1, no = 0) | Having a wage job (yes = 1, no = 0) | Having job with contract (yes = 1, no = 0) | Having a formal job (yes = 1, no = 0) | Log of number of working hours in the last 7 days | Log of monthly wage (wage workers) | Having wage below minimum wages (yes = 1, no = 0) | |
| Quarter 2–4 * COVID year * Ratio of export of provinces | −0.0398*** | −0.0114*** | 0.2161*** | 0.3797*** | 0.3603*** | 0.0200 | −0.0348 | −0.0500 |
| (0.0140) | (0.0026) | (0.0479) | (0.0648) | (0.0695) | (0.1144) | (0.2602) | (0.1191) | |
| Quarter 2–4 * COVID year | 0.0101*** | 0.0113 | −0.0207*** | −0.0224*** | −0.0201*** | 0.0173 | −0.0862*** | 0.0643*** |
| (0.0014) | (0.0081) | (0.0056) | (0.0020) | (0.0018) | (0.0250) | (0.0145) | (0.0212) | |
| Quarter 2–4 | −0.0055*** | −0.0007*** | 0.0184*** | 0.0058*** | 0.0044*** | 0.0685*** | −0.0077 | −0.0244*** |
| (0.0012) | (0.0001) | (0.0047) | (0.0010) | (0.0009) | (0.0211) | (0.0047) | (0.0026) | |
| COVID year | −0.0004 | −0.0004** | 0.0793*** | 0.0293*** | 0.0347*** | −0.0268 | 0.2745*** | −0.0606*** |
| (0.0012) | (0.0002) | (0.0087) | (0.0041) | (0.0041) | (0.0203) | (0.0080) | (0.0045) | |
| Male (male = 1, female = 0) | 0.0003 | 0.0003* | 0.0947*** | −0.0298*** | −0.0383*** | 0.0763*** | 0.1770*** | −0.0506*** |
| (0.0008) | (0.0001) | (0.0038) | (0.0037) | (0.0036) | (0.0035) | (0.0050) | (0.0038) | |
| Age | −0.0056*** | 0.0000* | −0.0014** | −0.0001 | 0.0039*** | 0.0220*** | 0.0591*** | −0.0202*** |
| (0.0003) | (0.0000) | (0.0006) | (0.0005) | (0.0006) | (0.0010) | (0.0015) | (0.0010) | |
| Age squared | 0.0001*** | −0.0000** | −0.0001*** | −0.0001*** | −0.0001*** | −0.0003*** | −0.0008*** | 0.0003*** |
| (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | |
| Less than primary education | Reference | |||||||
| Primary education | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | −0.1092*** | −0.0997** | −0.0966** | 0.0129*** | −0.0478 | −0.0123 |
| (0.0016) | (0.0001) | (0.0249) | (0.0372) | (0.0366) | (0.0040) | (0.0429) | (0.0078) | |
| Lower-secondary education | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | −0.1220*** | −0.0709 | −0.0730* | 0.0192*** | 0.0016 | −0.0270*** |
| (0.0018) | (0.0001) | (0.0280) | (0.0416) | (0.0412) | (0.0045) | (0.0462) | (0.0084) | |
| Upper-secondary education | 0.0044* | −0.0001 | −0.0395 | 0.0965** | 0.0789* | 0.0455*** | 0.0682 | −0.0375*** |
| (0.0022) | (0.0003) | (0.0306) | (0.0455) | (0.0448) | (0.0050) | (0.0490) | (0.0093) | |
| Post-secondary education | 0.0177** | −0.0007*** | 0.2100*** | 0.4621*** | 0.4613*** | −0.0093 | 0.3262*** | −0.0668*** |
| (0.0066) | (0.0002) | (0.0486) | (0.0613) | (0.0594) | (0.0086) | (0.0482) | (0.0113) | |
| Urban area (urban = 1, rural = 0) | 0.0084*** | 0.0006** | 0.0525*** | 0.0476*** | 0.0427*** | 0.0660*** | 0.0519*** | 0.0004 |
| (0.0010) | (0.0002) | (0.0089) | (0.0107) | (0.0104) | (0.0049) | (0.0083) | (0.0024) | |
| Year fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| District fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 0.1440*** | 0.0008*** | 0.5930*** | 0.3303*** | 0.2063*** | 3.2261*** | 7.2429*** | 0.4994*** |
| (0.0060) | (0.0002) | (0.0319) | (0.0430) | (0.0417) | (0.0287) | (0.0537) | (0.0254) | |
| Observations | 2,758,473 | 2,759,263 | 2,759,263 | 2,759,263 | 2,759,263 | 2,682,297 | 1,124,695 | 645,381 |
| R-squared | 0.031 | 0.005 | 0.247 | 0.334 | 0.328 | 0.209 | 0.346 | 0.088 |
| Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses (corrected for sampling weight and clustered at the district level and year-by-quarter level). *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. Source: authors’ estimations from the LFSs. | ||||||||