Table 3.
Descriptive statistics and reliabilities of the executive function tasks
| Task | M (SD) | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | Reliabilitya |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Go-nogo | 394 ms (86) | 281–671 | 1.47 | 2.13 | 0.81 |
| Stop signal | 182 ms (50) | 61–336 | 0.07 | − 0.22 | 0.59 |
| Stroopb | 63 ms (37) | 0–177 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.53 |
| Number-letterb | 332 ms (203) | 0–963 | 1.11 | 1.24 | 0.82 |
| Color-shapeb | 109 ms (82) | 0–371 | 1.13 | 1.21 | 0.64 |
| Category switchb | 81 ms (87) | 0–355 | 1.40 | 1.52 | 0.68 |
| 2-back | 549 ms (172) | 288–1089 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 0.88 |
| Letter memoryc | 0.43 (0.22) | 0–1.08 | − 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.61 |
| AX-CPd | 368 ms (55) | 237–534 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.69 |
aInternal consistency was calculated by adjusting split-half correlations with the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula
bDifference scores (Stroop interference and switch cost, respectively) were replaced with 0 when negative
cAccuracy scores were arcsine-transformed to improve normality
dInverse efficiency scores (IESs) could not be calculated for 2 participants who had no correct BX trials. These observations were assigned the maximum (534 ms)