Table 3.
Studies in Model 2 investigating rates of MPS following aerobic-based exercise or HIIT that also included a peri-exercise protein nutritional component with no placebo intervention/comparison
| Study (PMID) | Sex and age; years | Training status VO2max (mL/kg/min) |
Exercise intervention (mode, duration, intensity) | Muscle biopsy timepoints | Muscle subfraction(s) | Protein source | Protein amount | Co-ingested nutrients | Main outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute | |||||||||
| Cuthbertson et al. [50] (16,263,770) | M (n = 8); ~ 25 years |
Recreational NA |
Step-ups; 6 × 3 min; NA | Rest, 0 h, + 3 h, + 6 h, + 24 h | Myo and Sarco | EAA | 45 g | 135 g sucrose | Myo: ↔ 3 h, ↑ 6 h, 24 h; sarco: ↔ 3 h, ↑ 6 h, 24 h |
| Donges et al. [51] (22,492,939) | M (n = 8); ~ 53 years |
Sedentary ~ 39 mL/kg/min |
Cycle; 40 min; 55% VO2peak | Rest, + 1 h, + 4 h | Myo and Mito | WPI | 20 g | NA |
Myo: 1–4 h ↔ Mito: 1–4 h ↑ |
| Timmerman et al. [70] (22,572,647) | F (n = 3), M (n = 3); ~ 70 years |
Sedentary NA |
Treadmill; 45 min; 60–70% HRR | Rest, + 1.5 h, + 3 h | Mixed | EAA | 20 g | 35 g CHO | ↑ 1.5–3 h (p < 0.06) |
| Abou Sawan et al. [71] (29,512,299) | M (n = 8); ~ 25 years |
Trained ~ 62 mL/kg/min |
Treadmill; 60 min; 69% VO2peak | Rest, + 5 h | Myo and Mito | Egg | 18 g | 60 g CHO, 17 g fat |
Myo: ↑ 0–5 h Mito: ↔ 0–5 h |
| Short-term | |||||||||
| Wilkinson et al. [69] (18,556,367) | M (n = 10); ~ 20 years |
Recreational ~ 43 mL/kg/min |
One-legged cycling; 45 min; 75% VO2peak; 3 times/week; 10 weeks | Rest, + 4 h | Myo and Mito | Whey | 1.1 g/kg body mass | ~ 4.6 g/kg body mass CHO |
Myo: ↔ basal, + 4 h Mito: ↔ basal, ↑ + 4 h |
| Oikawa et al. [52] (33,323,831) | F (n = 6), M (n = 5) ~ 24 years |
Trained ~ 69 mL/kg/min |
HIIT cycle; 4 × 4 min; ~ 70% of PPO; 3 sessions/week; 2 weeks | Rest, ~ 24 post final session | Myo and Sarco | LA or CP | LA: 19.7 g EAA: 4.3 g Leu; CP: 6.4 g EAA: 1.1 g Leu (per 40 g) | NA |
Myo: ↑ LA and CP; ↑ LA to CP; Sarco: ↑ LA and CP; ↑ LA to CP |
| Stokes et al. [72] (34,610,129) | F (n = 22); ~ 66 years (three groups) |
Recreational NA |
Walking; ~ 150% of habitual daily steps; NA; daily for 3 days | Rest; post 3-d pro; post 3-d pro + walking | Myo | Whole milk; skim milk; almond milk | Whole and skim milk: 16 g/day; almond: 2 g/day | NA | ↑ Post 3-d pro + walking |
↑ indicates significant (p < 0.05) increase post-exercise, ↔ indicates no change, + indicates post-exercise, F female, M male, Myo myofibrillar, Sarco sarcoplasmic, Mito mitochondrial, HIIT high-intensity interval training, HRR heart rate reserve, NA not available/applicable, EAA essential amino acids, Leu leucine, CHO carbohydrate, WPI whey protein isolate, LA lactalbumin, CP collagen peptides, VO2max maximal oxygen uptake, VO2peak peak oxygen, PPO peak power output, MPS muscle protein synthesis