Systematic interrogation of MPS responses with or without protein ingestion has mostly been limited to resistance training.

From this systematic review, eight (of nine) and seven (of seven) studies demonstrated significant post-exercise increases in either mixed MPS or at least one pool of muscle proteins analysed in Models 1 (no protein ingestion) and 2 (peri-exercise protein ingestion but no placebo comparison), respectively. Compared with a non-protein placebo, only seven (of 14) studies in Model 3 showed protein ingestion induced significantly greater MPS responses in mixed MPS or at least one of the muscle protein pools measured.

The majority of studies collectively demonstrated aerobic-based exercise and HIIT, both with and without protein intake, significantly increased mixed and myofibrillar protein synthesis post-exercise which intuitively facilitate general muscle tissue remodelling processes. In contrast, and somewhat paradoxically, there was only limited evidence of increases in mitochondrial protein synthesis post-exercise or with protein ingestion.