Table 3.

Imputed, Survey-Weighted Models, Cognitive Score vs. Binary EELA (Coefficient [95% CI])

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Performed EELAs (ref: No)	1.34***[0.86,1.81]	0.69**[0.28,1.10]	0.56**[0.15,0.97]
Age, Centered at 65		−0.19***[−0.25,−0.14]	−0.20***[−0.26,−0.14]
Gender (ref: Male)		0.55**[0.15,0.94]	0.66**[0.26,1.06]
Race/Ethnicity (ref: Non-Hispanic White)
Non-Hispanic Black		−2.82***[−3.39,−2.24]	−2.03***[−2.58,−1.47]
Hispanic		−1.91***[−2.62,−1.21]	−1.27**[−2.09,−0.45]
Other		−2.14***[−3.05,−1.22]	−1.75***[−2.63,−0.87]
Father’s Education, Mean Centered		0.11***[0.05,0.18]	0.09**[0.02,0.15]
Mother’s Education, Mean Centered		0.13***[0.06,0.21]	0.11**[0.04,0.18]
Cohort (ref: HRS)
AHEAD		1.53*[0.08,2.99]	1.44[−0.08,2.96]
CODA		0.28[−0.50,1.06]	0.25[−0.48,0.99]
War Babies		−0.58[−1.31,0.15]	−0.66[−1.37,0.04]
Early Baby Boomers		−2.07***[−2.94,−1.21]	−1.69***[−2.53,−0.85]
Mid Baby Boomers		−2.92***[−4.10,−1.75]	−2.64***[−3.84,−1.45]
Total Wealth (ref: ≤ $17,040)
$17,041-$132,000			0.78**[0.23,1.33]
$132,001-$418,500			1.13***[0.68,1.58]
> $418,500			1.68***[1.21,2.14]
Smoking Status (ref: Never)
Former Smoker			−0.37*[−0.68,−0.05]
Current Smoker			−1.06***[−1.65,−0.47]
Diabetes Status (ref: No)
Yes			−0.45*[−0.81,−0.09]
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)			0.01[−0.02,0.04]
Alcohol Intake (drinks/day)			−0.03[−0.24,0.18]
Hypertension (ref: No)
Yes			−0.18[−0.52,0.15]
Depressive Symptoms			−0.31***[−0.43,−0.20]
Region Born (ref: South)
Northeast			0.55*[0.09,1.01]
Midwest			0.21[−0.19,0.61]
West			0.05[−0.47,0.57]
Other			−0.13[−0.69,0.43]
Constant	22.1***[21.7,22.6]	24.0***[23.3,24.7]	23.1***[21.9,24.4]

Note. n=3482; 30 imputations; CI, Confidence Interval; EELAs, Enriching Early-Life Activities; HRS, Health and Retirement Study; AHEAD, Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old; CODA, Children of the Depression.

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.001