Table 3.
Factors Associated with 30-Day Primary Medication Nonadherence to GLP-1 Agonists and SGLT2 Inhibitors
| Baseline characteristic | Primary nonadherence, n (%) | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||||
| < 65 | 1435 (30.6%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| ≥ 65 | 202 (43.5%) | 1.67 | (1.36, 2.06) | 1.37 | (1.09, 1.72) |
| Male | 891 (32.6%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 746 (31%) | 0.94 | (0.83, 1.07) | 0.86 | (0.75, 0.99) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 1437 (31.6%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Black | 159 (34.7%) | 1.25 | (1, 1.55) | 1.29 | (1.02, 1.62) |
| Other | 41 (29.3%) | 0.96 | (0.65, 1.41) | 1.08 | (0.72, 1.63) |
| Hispanic | 9 (32.1%) | 0.99 | (0.43, 2.28) | 1.37 | (0.57, 3.27) |
| Hypertension | 1153 (31.6%) | 0.94 | (0.82, 1.08) | 1.1 | (0.94, 1.28) |
| Coronary artery disease | 353 (35.4%) | 1.2 | (1.03, 1.4) | 1.05 | (0.87, 1.26) |
| Congestive heart failure | 106 (36.9%) | 1.24 | (0.95, 1.61) | 0.93 | (0.69, 1.26) |
| Stroke | 47 (39.8%) | 1.34 | (0.9, 1.99) | 1.25 | (0.82, 1.91) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 183 (37.5%) | 1.3 | (1.06, 1.6) | 1.05 | (0.8, 1.39) |
| End-stage renal disease | 6 (46.2%) | 1.81 | (0.57, 5.73) | 1.32 | (0.4, 4.43) |
| Retinopathy | 107 (31.9%) | 1.07 | (0.83, 1.37) | 1.25 | (0.95, 1.64) |
| Neuropathy | 351 (31.4%) | 0.97 | (0.83, 1.13) | 0.97 | (0.82, 1.15) |
| Nephropathy | 225 (35.8%) | 1.26 | (1.05, 1.52) | 1.31 | (1.02, 1.68) |
| Serious hyperglycemic event | 20 (34.5%) | 1.14 | (0.64, 2.04) | 1.13 | (0.61, 2.11) |
| Serious hypoglycemic event | 9 (37.5%) | 1.22 | (0.51, 2.91) | 1.42 | (0.56, 3.61) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 977 (30.6%) | 0.86 | (0.76, 0.98) | 1.18 | (1.01, 1.39) |
| Foot ulcers | 63 (38%) | 1.29 | (0.92, 1.8) | 1.14 | (0.79, 1.66) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 117 (27.8%) | 0.8 | (0.63, 1.02) | 0.73 | (0.56, 0.94) |
| Obesity | 488 (29.6%) | 0.85 | (0.75, 0.98) | 0.86 | (0.73, 1.01) |
| Smoker | 278 (34.3%) | 1.14 | (0.97, 1.35) | 1.05 | (0.87, 1.26) |
| BMI* | 0.94 | (0.88, 1) | 0.98 | (0.91, 1.06) | |
| HbA1c test | 1098 (29.4%) | 0.69 | (0.6, 0.79) | 0.7 | (0.59, 0.84) |
| Creatinine test | 869 (30.4%) | 0.88 | (0.78, 1) | 0.95 | (0.8, 1.13) |
| Total cholesterol test | 813 (30.3%) | 0.89 | (0.79, 1.01) | 1.08 | (0.92, 1.27) |
| Provider specialty | |||||
| Primary care, internal medicine | 894 (30.9%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Endocrinology | 292 (24%) | 0.69 | (0.56, 0.86) | 0.76 | (0.61, 0.95) |
| Cardiology | 95 (46.8%) | 2.02 | (1.47, 2.77) | 1.88 | (1.33, 2.65) |
| Other | 356 (42.6%) | 1.72 | (1.44, 2.05) | 1.64 | (1.35, 1.98) |
| Total # of hospitalizations* | 1.15 | (1.08, 1.22) | 1.14 | (1.06, 1.22) | |
| Co-dispensed medications | |||||
| Metformin | 806 (24.5%) | 0.38 | (0.34, 0.44) | 0.51 | (0.45, 0.59) |
| Sulfonylurea | 314 (24.8%) | 0.62 | (0.53, 0.72) | 0.79 | (0.67, 0.93) |
| TZD | 36 (32.1%) | 0.97 | (0.63, 1.48) | 1.21 | (0.77, 1.88) |
| DPP4i | 249 (23.4%) | 0.56 | (0.47, 0.66) | 0.66 | (0.55, 0.78) |
| Insulin | 409 (24.8%) | 0.62 | (0.54, 0.71) | 0.62 | (0.53, 0.73) |
| ACE inhibitor | 335 (24.2%) | 0.58 | (0.5, 0.67) | 0.78 | (0.66, 0.92) |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 166 (26.4%) | 0.74 | (0.61, 0.9) | 0.81 | (0.65, 1) |
| Statin | 748 (23.4%) | 0.35 | (0.31, 0.4) | 0.44 | (0.38, 0.5) |
| Index prescription year | |||||
| 2012–2014 | 62 (42.8%) | ||||
| 2015 | 149 (37.5%) | 0.79 | (0.53, 1.19) | 0.76 | (0.49, 1.16) |
| 2016 | 214 (31.8%) | 0.64 | (0.43, 0.94) | 0.71 | (0.47, 1.09) |
| 2017 | 322 (32.4%) | 0.64 | (0.44, 0.94) | 0.74 | (0.48, 1.12) |
| 2018 | 416 (28.8%) | 0.54 | (0.37, 0.78) | 0.62 | (0.41, 0.93) |
| 2019 | 474 (31.7%) | 0.61 | (0.43, 0.89) | 0.76 | (0.5, 1.15) |
| Drug type | |||||
| GLP-1 agonist | 726 (29.8%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 911 (33.6%) | 1.18 | (1.04, 1.34) | 1.14 | (0.99, 1.32) |
In Table 3, the bolded data (i.e. rows) are for predictors found to be statistically signifigant (95% Confidence Interval does not cross 1).
*Standardized