Table 2.
Baseline Demographic, Health, and Pain-Related Characteristics of Black Participants
| Characteristic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (n = 193) |
Usual care (n = 187) |
Total (n = 380) |
|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 59 (11) | 58 (10) | 58 (11) |
| Gender, N(%), male | 144 (75) | 130 (70) | 274 (72) |
| Live alone, N(%) | 51 (27) | 50 (27) | 101 (27) |
| Employment status, N(%) | |||
| Employed | 49 (26) | 52 (29) | 102 (28) |
| Unemployed/unable to work | 68 (36) | 77 (42) | 145 (39) |
| Retired | 59 (31) | 41 (23) | 100 (27) |
| Other | 12 (6) | 11 (6) | 23 (6) |
| Yearly income, N(%) | |||
| Less than $40K | 110 (62) | 100 (59) | 210 (60) |
| $40, 001 to $60K | 33 (19) | 34 (20) | 67 (19) |
| $60, 001 to $80K | 23 (13) | 17 (10) | 40 (11) |
| More than $80K | 12 (7) | 19 (11) | 31 (9) |
| Health- and pain-related | |||
| Use walking aids, N(%) | 121 (64) | 96 (53) | 217 (59) |
| BMI, Mean (SD) | 31 (7) | 30 (5) | 31 (6) |
| RMDQ: pain-related physical function (range, 0–11; higher score = worse) | 8 (3) | 7 (3) | 8 (3) |
| PEG: Pain intensity and interference (range, 0–10: higher score = worse), mean (SD) | 7 (1) | 7 (2) | 7 (1) |
| PHQ-8 depression symptoms (range, 0–24: higher score = worse), mean (SD) | 11 (6) | 11 (6) | 11 (6) |
| GAD-7 anxiety symptoms (range, 0–21: higher score = worse), mean (SD) | 9 (6) | 9 (6) | 9 (6) |
| Steps per day, mean (SD) | 3258 (2616) | 3154 (2566) | 3206 (2588) |
| Mental health diagnoses from EHR | |||
| Depressive disorders*, N(%) | 74 (38) | 67 (36) | 141 (37) |
| Anxiety disorders*, N(%) | 19 (10) | 19 (10) | 38 (10) |
| Drug-use disorders*, N(%) | 48 (25) | 36 (19) | 84 (22) |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder*, N(%) | 54 (28) | 45 (24) | 99 (26) |
| Serious Mental Illness*, N(%) | 17 (9) | 11 (6) | 28 (7) |
| Any Mental Health Diagnosis*, N(%) | 105 (54) | 100 (53) | 205 (54) |
| Medication use | |||
| Take opioid for pain, N(%) | 74 (39) | 53 (29) | 127 (34) |
| Frequency of pain medication, N(%) | |||
| Every day | 82 (43) | 76 (42) | 158 (42) |
| Most days | 57 (30) | 41 (22) | 98 (26) |
| At least 1 × week | 24 (13) | 31 (17) | 55 (15) |
| Less than weekly | 27 (14) | 35 (19) | 62 (17) |
| Use of non-pharmacological treatment for pain in past year | |||
| Number of treatments used, mean (SD) | 4 (3) | 4 (3) | 4 (3) |
| Treated for pain in VA, past 12 months, N(%) | 160 (86) | 162 (88) | 322 (87) |
| Treated for pain outside VA, past 12 months, N(%) | 73 (39) | 73 (40) | 146 (40) |
| Treated for pain anywhere, past 12 months, N(%) | 169 (92) | 169 (91) | 338 (92) |
*Unless specified, all variables were obtained by self-report
Abbreviations: RMDQ Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, PEG Pain intensity, Enjoyment of life, General activity; PHQ-8, 8-Item Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7, 7-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire