Table 2.

Analgesic Use and Risk of Incident Persistent Tinnitus Among Women in the Nurses’ Health Study II (1995–2017)

Analgesic use (days/week)	# of cases	Person-years	Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)	Multivariable-adjusted* HR (95% CI)
Aspirin Low-dose
<1	6,476	564,537	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
1	120	6,794	1.20 (1.00, 1.44)	1.16 (0.97, 1.40)
2–3	222	14,507	1.04 (0.91, 1.19)	1.02 (0.89, 1.17)
4–5	209	16,289	0.88 (0.77, 1.01)	0.88 (0.77, 1.01)
6–7	1600	106,578	0.96 (0.91, 1.02)	0.93 (0.88, 0.99)
p-trend			0.02	0.009
Aspirin Moderate-dose
<1	7,897	650,140	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
1	203	16,524	1.03 (0.90, 1.18)	0.97 (0.84, 1.11)
2–3	212	16,570	1.10 (0.96, 1.26)	1.06 (0.93, 1.22)
4–5	101	8,086	1.06 (0.87, 1.30)	1.00 (0.82, 1.22)
6–7	385	26,316	1.11 (1.00, 1.23)	1.04 (0.93, 1.15)
p-trend			0.1	0.4
NSAIDs
<1	5,930	629,561	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
1	1,484	195,694	1.07 (1.01, 1.14)	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)
2–3	1,599	168,875	1.13 (1.07, 1.20)	1.07 (1.01, 1.13)
4–5	635	5,5018	1.27 (1.17, 1.38)	1.17 (1.08, 1.28)
6–7	730	61,128	1.21 (1.12, 1.30)	1.07 (1.00, 1.16)
p-trend			<0.0001	0.001
Acetaminophen
<1	7,871	833,192	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
1	978	146,075	1.08 (1.01, 1.16)	1.03 (0.96, 1.10)
2–3	736	78,587	1.13 (1.05, 1.22)	1.00 (0.93, 1.08)
4–5	301	23,861	1.26 (1.12, 1.42)	1.08 (0.96, 1.21)
6–7	482	28,993	1.37 (1.25, 1.50)	1.18 (1.07, 1.29)
p-trend			<0.0001	0.002

*Multivariable-adjusted for age, race, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, smoking, Alternative Health Eating Index (AHEI) score, caffeine intake, hypertension, diabetes, anxiety, depression, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, other arthritis, migraine headache, hearing loss (none, mild, moderate, or worse), and frequency of use of the other analgesics

Information on analgesic use and time-varying covariates was updated at the beginning of each time period based on information obtained from the most recent questionnaire cycle

MVHR (95% CI)multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs