TABLE 4.
Mechanism of melatonin-regulated immune cells and inflammatory factors involved in bone metabolism.
| Immune cells | Inflammatory factors | Effect and mechanism in bone remodeling | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| T cells (Th1, Th17 and T regulatory cells) | IFNγ, IL-17 and TNF-α | Inhibiting the immune response of effective T cells and enhancing the function of T regulatory cells to suppress bone resorption | Álvarez-Sánchez et al. (2015), Huang et al. (2022), Srivastava et al. (2018) |
| B cells | Promoting B cell maturation to decrease RANKL/OPG ratio | Titanji et al. (2020), Luo et al. (2020) | |
| Monocyte-derived macrophages | Suppressing inflammation-mediated bone resorption | Kim et al. (2022), Markus et al. (2021) | |
| IL-1β, TNF-α | Inhibiting inflammatory factors-induced weakening of the osteogenic capacity and increasing bone resorption | Lian et al. (2016), Liu et al. (2013) |
a
Neuroendocrine and immune systems are interconnected. IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL-17, Interleukin 17; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; RANKL, TNF, superfamily member 11; OPG, TNF, receptor superfamily member 11b.