Table 3.
Associations between bile acid levels and renal outcomes.
| Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower bile acids | Higher bile acids | p-value | ||
| (≤2.8mmol/L) | (>2.8mmol/L) | |||
| Unadjusted | 2.311 (1.386-3.852) | 1 | 0.001 | |
| Model 1a | 6.006 (1.512-23.857) | 1 | 0.011 | |
| Model 2b | 6.338 (1.555-25.834) | 1 | 0.10 | |
| Model 3c | 5.319 (1.208-23.425) | 1 | 0.027 | |
Model 1a adjusted for baseline age, gender, BMI, hypertension (yes or no), DR (yes or no), DM duration, e-GFR, and proteinuria, Hemoglobin, Serum albumin. Model 2b adjusted for covariates in model 1 plus renal pathological findings (the glomerular class, IFTA). Model 3c adjusted for covariates in model 2 plus RASI use. CI, confidence interval; DR, diabetic retinopathy; e-GFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IFTA, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy; RASI, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor.