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. 2022 Oct 7;13:1021203. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1021203

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Copyright © 2022 Shen, Xie, Qiu and Yu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Photosynthetic pathway, leaf structure of C3 and C4 plants and main improvement methods for C3 plants at present. C3 plants on the left and C4 plants on the right. Blue solid line represents the photosynthetic reaction; blue dotted line represents the transport of substances; black line represents the catalysis of the enzyme; red dots represent major improvement objectives. RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate; Rubisco, RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase; PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate; PGAld, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde; GA, glycollic acid; PEP, Phosphoenolpyruvate; PEPC, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; OAA, oxaloacetic acid; Mal, malic acid; Pyr, pyruvic acid; NADP-ME, NADP-malic enzyme; PPDK, pyruvate phosphate dikinase; CCM, carbon concentration mechanism.