Table 5.
Effect of diversification crop rotation sequences on evapotranspiration of oil flax, wheat and potato rotation systems during 2017–2020.
| Year | Flax | Wheat | Potato | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop rotation | ETa (mm) | WUE (kg ha-1 mm-1) |
Crop rotation | ETa (mm) | WUE (kg ha-1 mm-1) |
Crop rotation | ETa (mm) | WUE (kg ha-1 mm-1) |
|
| 2017 | FFFF | 411.94ab | 2.03c | WFPF | 202.28a | 15.49b | PWFW | 323.07a | 113.43 a |
| 2017 | FWPF | 396.67bc | 2.17bc | WPWF | 176.22a | 16.22a | PFFW | 345.77a | 84.84 b |
| 2017 | FPFW | 391.91c | 1.79d | WPFF | 202.94a | 15.59b | PFWF | 350.35a | 121.04 a |
| 2017 | FFWP | 412.33ab | 2.59a | WFWP | 193.72a | 15.26b | |||
| 2017 | FWFP | 414.74ab | 2.25b | ||||||
| 2017 | FWPW | 423.53a | 2.31b | ||||||
| 2018 | FFFF | 348.74c | 1.92e | FWPF | 289.44ab | 6.99b | WPWF | 350.59a | 80.98 a |
| 2018 | WFPF | 356.16c | 3.75a | PWFW | 297.22a | 6.12c | WPFF | 348.47a | 76.87 b |
| 2018 | PFFW | 387.69b | 2.94c | FWFP | 286.33ab | 4.32d | FPFW | 339.14a | 85.09 a |
| 2018 | PFWF | 366.03c | 3.32b | FWPW | 276.87b | 8.13a | |||
| 2018 | WFWP | 420.35a | 3.33b | ||||||
| 2018 | FFWP | 357.86c | 2.31d | ||||||
| 2019 | FFFF | 460.39b | 3.32c | PFWF | 288.79a | 13.54bc | FWPF | 399.91a | 85.33 a |
| 2019 | WPFF | 493.68ab | 4.63a | WFWP | 262.45b | 13.24c | WFPF | 401.43a | 84.95 a |
| 2019 | PWFW | 467.29b | 4.11b | FFWP | 279.48ab | 14.40ab | FWPW | 436.17a | 85.95 a |
| 2019 | FPFW | 493.05ab | 4.80a | WPWF | 266.99b | 14.76a | |||
| 2019 | PFFW | 510.07a | 3.54c | ||||||
| 2019 | FWFP | 491.53ab | 4.40ab | ||||||
| 2020 | FFFF | 386.31a | 3.18c | FPFW | 235.14a | 9.87ab | WFWP | 396.48a | 64.27 a |
| 2020 | FWPF | 379.37a | 5.69b | PWFW | 213.70a | 8.73c | FFWP | 369.29a | 68.39 a |
| 2020 | WFPF | 378.16a | 5.18b | PFFW | 220.33a | 10.61a | FWFP | 380.51a | 67.24 a |
| 2020 | WPWF | 374.13a | 4.95b | FWPW | 192.75a | 9.48b | |||
| 2020 | WPFF | 393.08a | 3.74c | ||||||
| 2020 | PFWF | 244.41b | 7.91a | ||||||
| Average | |||||||||
| 2017 | 408.52b | 2.19b | 193.79c | 15.64a | 339.73b | 106.44 a | |||
| 2018 | 372.81bc | 2.93b | 287.47a | 6.39d | 346.07b | 80.98 b | |||
| 2019 | 486.00a | 4.13a | 274.43a | 13.99b | 412.50a | 85.41 b | |||
| 2020 | 359.24c | 5.11a | 215.48b | 9.67c | 326.39b | 66.63 b | |||
| ANOVA | |||||||||
| Variation | P-value | ||||||||
| Y | 0.000(***) | 0.000(***) | 0.000(***) | 0.000(***) | 0.000(***) | 0.000(***) | |||
| CR | 0.000(***) | 0.000(***) | 0.120(NS) | 0.000(***) | 0.176(NS) | 0.000(***) | |||
| Y × CR | 0.000(***) | 0.000(***) | 0.004(**) | 0.000(***) | 0.010(**) | 0.000(***) | |||
Numbers followed by different small letters within a column in a set are significantly different at P = 0.05 by the LSD test. ***Significant at P ≤ 0.001, NS no significant difference.
FFFF, continuous oil flax; FWPF, oil flax-wheat-potato-oil flax; FPFW, oil flax-potato-oil flax-wheat; FFWP, oil flax-oil flax-wheat-potato; FWFP, oil flax-wheat-oil flax-potato; FWPW, oil flax-wheat-potato-wheat; WFPF, wheat-oil flax-potato-oil flax; PFFW, potato-oil flax-oil flax-wheat; PFWF, potato-oil flax-wheat-oil flax; WFWP, wheat-oil flax-wheat-potato; WPFF, wheat-potato-oil flax-oil flax; PWFW, potato-wheat-oil flax-wheat; WPWF, wheat-potato-wheat-oil flax. ETa, Eevapotranspiration; WUE, water use efficiency. Y, year; CR, crop rotation.