Standard electrochemical potentials for CO₂ reduction^16,54.

Product	Reduction potentials of CO2	E° (V) vs. SHE (pH 7)
Carbon monoxide	CO2 + 2e− + 2H+ → CO(g) + H2O	−0.53
Hydrogen	2e− + 2H+ → H2(g)	−0.42
Formic acid	CO2 + 2e− + 2H+ → HCOOH(l) + H2O	−0.61
Formaldehyde	CO2 + 4e− + 4H+ → CH2O(l) + H2O	−0.50
Methanol	CO2 + 6e− + 6H+ → CH3OH(l) + H2O	−0.39
Methane	CO2 + 8e− + 8H+ → CH4(g) + H2O	−0.25
Ethylene	CO2 + 12e− + 12H+ → C2H4(g) + 4H2O	−0.38
Ethane	CO2 + 14e− + 14H+ → C2H6(g) + 4H2O	−0.28