Table 3.

Factors associated with changes in symptoms of multiple sclerosis.

	Multivariable regression analysis				Univariable regression analysis
	OR	95% CI	N a	Adjustments	OR	95% CI		N a
Developing new MS symptoms (n = 82) compared to no new MS symptoms (n = 322)
Age (one-year increase)	No adjustment was required.				0.997	0.975–1.019		404
Male (vs female)	No adjustment was required.				0.550	0.289–1.048		403
PMS (vs RRMS)	1.532	0.814–2.883	395	Age, Sex, MS disease duration	1.337	0.779–2.296	404
MS disease duration (one-year increase)	1.024	0.991–1.059	395	Age	1.017	0.989–1.046	395
Pre-COVID-19 webEDSS score (one-point increase)	1.108	0.929–1.322	248	Age, Sex, Type of MS, Taking DMTs	1.059	0.914–1.226	248
Taking DMTs	0.556	0.316–0.978	404	Type of MS	0.563	0.341–0.928	404
Worsening of pre-existing MS symptoms (n = 207) compared to no worsening (n = 128) b
Age (one-year increase)	No adjustment was required.				1.016	0.995–1.037	335
Male (vs female)	No adjustment was required.				0.640	0.381–1.077	335
PMS (vs RRMS)	1.147	0.625–2.106	327	Age, Sex, MS disease duration	1.328	0.786–2.243	335
MS disease duration (one-year increase)	1.042	1.009–1.076	327	Age	1.044	1.015–1.074	327
Pre-COVID-19 webEDSS score (one-point increase)	1.251	1.060–1.478	208	Age, Sex, Type of MS, Taking DMT	1.163	1.017–1.330	208
Taking DMTs	1.186	0.716–1.966	335	Type of MS	1.047	0.673–1.627	335

CI = Confidence Interval; DMTs = Disease Modifying Therapies; MS = Multiple Sclerosis; OR = Odds Ratio; PMS = Progressive MS, which includes primary and secondary progressive MS; webEDSS = web-based Expanded Disability Status Scale.

^aNumber of participants included in the analysis after listwise deletion of missing data.

^bSixty-nine participants did not recall whether their pre-existing MS symptoms had become worse or not during their COVID-19 infection.