Table 2.

Biomarkers of potential harm measured in the study.

Biomarker of potential harm				Associated biological process		Matrix		Method	References
Primary end points
	8-Epi-PGF2α type IIIa		Oxidative stress		24-hour urine		LC-MS/MSb		[34,35,60]
	COHbc		CVDd		Whole blood		HS GC-MSe		[39-41,61]
	FeNOf		Airway inflammation		Exhaled breath		Chemical field-effect transistor		[35,42,62]
	HDLg		CVD		Blood		Enzyme colorimetric		[28,44-46]
	sICAM-1h		CVD		Serum		ELISAi		[28,47-49]
	WBCj count		Inflammation		Blood		Flow cytometry		[50-53,63]
Secondary end points
		11-dTX B2k		CVD		24-hour urine		LC-MS/MS	[31-33,60]
		CIMTl		CVD		Physiological measurement		Ultrasound	[36-38,64]
		FEV1%predm		COPDn		Physiological measurement		Spirometry	[43,65,66]

^a8-Epi-PGF2α type III: 8-Epi-prostaglandin F2α type III.

^bLC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

^cCOHb: carboxyhemoglobin.

^dCVD: cardiovascular disease.

^eHS GC-MS: headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

^fFeNO: fractional exhaled nitric oxide.

^gHDL: high-density lipoprotein.

^hsICAM-1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

ⁱELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

^jWBC: white blood cell.

^k11-dTX B2: 11-dehydrothromboxane B2.

^lCIMT: carotid intima-media thickness.

^mFEV₁%pred: forced expiratory volume in 1 second as percentage of predicted.

ⁿCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.