Table 3: Quality Appraisal.

National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Quality Assessment for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies

	Research question/objective clearly stated	Study population (including time frame) clearly specified	Participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%	Subjects recruited from similar populations/Inclusion and exclusion	Sample size justification/power/variance and effect estimates	Exposure of interest measured prior to outcomes being measured	Timeframe sufficient to expect association between exposure and outcome	Different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome	Exposure measures clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently	Exposure assessed more than once over time	Outcome measures clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently	Outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants	Loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less?	Confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for impact	Quality Rating
Vision Loss
Fortuna, 2020	Yes	No	NR	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	NA	No	Poor 3/14
Jaffee et al., 2016	Yes	No	NR	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes,	Fair 7/14
Juzych et al 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	No	Good 9/14
Press et al., 2013	Yes	Yes	CD	CD	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	NA	No	Poor 3/14
Schwennesen et al., 2019	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	NA	No	Poor 3/14
Warren et al., 2016	Yes	No	NR	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	NA	No	Poor 3/14
Hearing Loss
Tolisano et al., 2020	Yes	Yes	NR	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	NA	Yes	Fair 6/14
Tran et al., 2021	Yes	Yes	NR	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	NA	Yes	Fair 7/14
Wells et al. 2020	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	NA	Yes	Fair 6/14

^*CD, cannot determine; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported