Table 2.
Patient characteristics (n = 27,567)*
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Female | 25,284 (91.7) |
| Age, mean ± SD years | 53.5 ± 15.2 |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 13,235 (48.0) |
| African American | 5,168 (18.8) |
| Hispanic | 2,633 (9.6) |
| Asian | 609 (2.2) |
| Other/mixed | 1,758 (6.4) |
| Unknown/declined | 4,164 (15.1) |
| Insurance | |
| Private | 9,783 (35.5) |
| Medicare | 5,719 (20.8) |
| Any Medicaid | 1,082 (3.9) |
| Other | 1,506 (5.5) |
| Unknown | 9,477 (34.4) |
| Area Deprivation Index, median (IQR) | 46 (25–69) |
| Geographic division | |
| New England | 438 (1.6) |
| Mid-Atlantic | 2,601 (9.4) |
| East North Central | 2,908 (10.6) |
| West North Central | 1,867 (6.8) |
| South Atlantic | 10,172 (36.9) |
| East South Central | 3,337 (12.1) |
| West South Central | 2,575 (9.3) |
| Mountain | 1,191 (4.3) |
| Pacific | 2,478 (9.0) |
| Clinical characteristics | |
| Number of visits, mean ± SD | 3.9 ± 2.7 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 1.1 |
| ANA positive (n = 11,994) | 8,414 (70.2) |
| Anti–double-stranded DNA positive (n = 17,908) | 8,229 (46.0) |
| Lupus nephritis† | 1,585 (5.7) |
| End-stage renal disease | 151 (0.5) |
| Functional status assessment scores, mean ± SD | |
| MDHAQ (n = 5,324; range 0–10) | 1.98 ± 2.4 |
| HAQ (n = 2,597; range 0–3) | 0.78 ± 0.7 |
| HAQ-II (n = 739; range 0–3) | 0.78 ± 0.7 |
| Medications | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 19,647 (71.5) |
| Glucocorticoids | 12,299 (44.6) |
| Biologics or JAK inhibitors‡ | 4,660 (16.9) |
| Methotrexate | 2,713 (9.8) |
| Azathioprine | 2,044 (7.4) |
| Mycophenolate or mycophenolic acid | 2,029 (7.4) |
| Tacrolimus | 23 (0.1) |
*
Values are the number (%) unless indicated otherwise. ANA = antinuclear antibody; HAQ = Health Assessment Questionnaire; IQR = interquartile range; MDHAQ = Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire.
†
Lupus nephritis was defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 580.0–586.0 and 791.0.
‡
Biologics included abatacept, belimumab, denosumab, rituximab, and other; JAK inhibitors included tofacitinib.