Table 2.
Disease characteristics for sleep disorders among first responders
| Author (year) | Type of first responders | Sleep disorder (tool) | Prevalence (N (%)) | Prevalence (%) | Associated factors | Associated comorbidities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angehrn et al. (2020) [13] |
Paramedics, police, firefighters |
Insomnia (ISI) |
418/678/1424 |
60.0/53.0/55.6 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Barger et al. (2015) [14] |
Firefighters |
Insomnia (AIS), OSA (BQ), SWD (ICSD-2), RLS (RLSEST-Q) |
416/1969/631/236 |
6.0/28.4/9.1/3.4 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
Depression, anxiety, DM, CVD |
| Cramm et al. (2021) [15] |
Firefighters |
Insomnia (ISI) |
256 |
21.0 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
Depression, anxiety, PTSD |
| Fernandez et al. (2014) [16] |
EMS personnel |
EDS (ESS) |
394 |
37.6 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Garbarino et al. (2002) [17] |
Police |
EDS (ESS) |
243 |
19.0 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Garbarino et al. (2019) [18] |
Police |
EDS (ESS) |
42 |
17.8 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Glaser et al. (2014) [19] |
Firefighters |
OSA (AHI, PSG) |
514 |
80.8 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
GERD |
| Haddock et al. (2013) [20] |
Firefighters |
EDS (ESS) |
125 |
27.4 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Hendrickson et al. (2022) [21] |
Firefighters, EMS personnel |
Insomnia (ISI) |
24/40 |
33.3/34.8 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Jang et al. (2020) [22] |
Firefighters |
Insomnia (ISI) |
883 |
9.0 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
Depression, anxiety, PTSD |
| Khan et al. (2020) [23] |
Paramedics |
Insomnia (ISI), EDS (ESS), OSA (BQ), SWD (SWDSQ), narcolepsy |
56/34/41/67/5 |
41.5/25.0/30.0/49.0/4.0 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Khan et al. (2020) [24] |
Paramedics |
Insomnia (ISI), EDS (ESS), OSA (BQ), SWD (SWDSQ) |
28/18/38/45 |
34.0/22.0/46.0/54.0 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Khan et al. (2020) [24] |
Paramedics |
Insomnia (ISI), EDS (ESS), OSA (BQ), SWD (SWDSQ) |
53/33/37/53 |
51.0/32.0/36.0/51.0 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Kim et al. (2021) [25] |
Firefighters |
OSA (BQ) |
8,236 |
16.1 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
Depression |
| Klawe et al. (2005) [26] |
Police |
OSA (AHI, PSG) |
8 |
8.0 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Kwak et al. (2020) [27] |
Firefighters |
Insomnia (ISI) |
166 |
47.2 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Lim et al. (2020) [28] |
Firefighters |
Insomnia (ISI) |
890 |
9.1 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
PTSD |
| Pan et al. (2019) [29] |
Police |
Insomnia (ISI), EDS (ESS), OSA (BQ) |
228/179/103 |
22.0/17.1/9.9 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Pazmino Erazo et al. (2020) [30] |
Paramedics |
Insomnia (ISI) |
20 |
74.1 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Pinto et al. (2018) [31] |
Police |
Insomnia (ISI), EDS (ESS), OSA (AHI, PSG) |
7/5/6 |
31.8/22.7/27.3 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Pirrallo et al. (2012) [32] |
EMTs |
EDS (ESS) |
466 |
35.7 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Rajaratnam et al. (2011) [33] |
Police |
Insomnia (AIS), EDS (ESS)/OSA (BQ)/SWD (SWDSQ)/RLS (RLSEST-Q)/narcolepsy |
281/589/1666/269/70/16 |
6.5/31.6/33.6/14.5/1.6/0.4 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
Depression, anxiety, DM |
| Savall et al. (2021) [34] |
Firefighters |
Insomnia (ISI), EDS (ESS), OSA (STOP-BANG) |
36/53/3 |
18.8/27.7/1.3 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Shi et al., (2021) [35] |
Firefighters |
EDS (ESS) |
112 |
41.8 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
Depression, anxiety, PTSD |
| Sofianopoulos et al. (2020) [36] |
Paramedics |
EDS (ESS), OSA (BQ) |
18/13 |
30.0/21.7 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Sunderram et al. (2018) [37] |
EMS personnel |
OSA (BQ) |
451 |
75.0 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
Depression, anxiety, PTSD, DM, GERD, CVD |
| Tsehay et al. (2021) [38] |
Police |
Insomnia (ISI) |
61 |
15.8 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
NA |
| Webber et al. (2011) [39] |
EMS personnel |
OSA (BQ) |
1735 |
36.5 |
Age, gender, marital status, work experience |
PTSD, GERD |
| Yadav et al. (2015) [40] | Police | EDS (ESS) | 33 | 38.8 | Age, gender, marital status, work experience | NA |
AHI – Apnea-Hypopnea index, AIS – Athens Insomnia Scale, BQ – Berlin Questionnaire, CVD – cardiovascular disease, DM – diabetes mellitus, EDS – excessive daytime sleepiness, ESS – Epworth Sleepiness Scale, GERD – gastroesophageal reflux disease, ICSD-2 – International Classification of Sleep Disorders – 2nd Edition, ISI – Insomnia Severity Index, ISS – Insomnia Symptom Scale, N – number, NA – not available, OSA – obstructive sleep apnoea, PTSD – post-traumatic stress disorder, PSG – polysomnography, RLS – restless leg syndrome, RLSESTQ – Restless Leg Syndrome Epidemiology, Symptoms and Treatment Questionnaire, STOP-BANG questionnaire – snoring, tiredness, observed apnoea, blood pressure, body mass index, age, neck size, gender questionnaire, SWD – shift work disorder, SWDSQ – Shift Work Disorder Screening Questionnaire