Table 1.
Background characteristics of the sample (n = 289)
| N | Mean | SD | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Gestational age, weeks | 289 | 38.57 | 1.01 | 37–41 |
| Birthweight, grams | 289 | 3,254.59 | 489.29 | 2200–4627 |
| Sex assigned at birth, % (n) | 289 | … | … | … |
| Female | … | 45.0 (130) | … | … |
| Male | … | 55.0 (159) | … | … |
| Race, % (n)* | 289 | … | … | … |
| Black/African American | … | 62.3 (180) | … | … |
| White | … | 36.0 (104) | … | … |
| Asian | … | 2.0 (6) | … | … |
| Pacific Islander | … | 0.3 (1) | … | … |
| Other (not defined) | … | 0.7 (2) | … | … |
| Ethnicity, % (n) | 289 | … | … | … |
| Hispanic or Latina/o | … | 2.4 (7) | … | … |
| Not Hispanic or Latina/o | … | 96.9 (280) | … | … |
| Unspecified | … | 0.7 (2) | … | … |
| Postmenstrual age at MRI scan, weeks | 289 | 41.70 | 1.30 | 38–45 |
| Maternal background | ||||
| Age at delivery, years | 289 | 28.99 | 5.29 | 19–42 |
| Education, % (n) | 254 | … | … | … |
| Less than high school | … | 7.3 (21) | … | … |
| High school graduate | … | 47.8 (138) | … | … |
| College graduate | … | 13.5 (39) | … | … |
| Postgraduate degree | … | 19.4 (56) | … | … |
| Insurance status (public or underinsured), % (n) | 289 | 51.2 (148) | … | … |
| Race, % (n) | 289 | … | … | … |
| Black/African American | … | 61.6 (178) | … | … |
| White | … | 36.0 (104) | … | … |
| Asian | … | 1.7 (5) | … | … |
| Pacific Islander | … | 0.3 (1) | … | … |
| Other (not defined) | … | 0.3 (1) | … | … |
| Ethnicity, % (n) | 289 | … | … | … |
| Hispanic or Latina | … | 2.4 (7) | … | … |
| Not Hispanic or Latina | … | 97.2 (281) | … | … |
| Unspecified | … | 0.3 (1) | … | … |
| Tobacco use in pregnancy, % (n) | 289 | 13.5 (39) | … | … |
| Cannabis use in pregnancy and/or positive urine drug screen, % (n) | 289 | 26.6 (77) | … | … |
| Income-to-needs ratio† | 284 | 2.72 | 2.81 | 0.38–12.04 |
| Area Deprivation Index percentile | 283 | 68.77 | 24.94 | 1–100 |
| Healthy Eating Index | 230 | 58.33 | 10.06 | 32.96–80.67 |
| Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)† | 289 | 4.61 | 3.94 | 0–21 |
| EPDS in the clinical range (score >13), % (n) | 289 | 10.0 (29) | … | … |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)† | 289 | 13.11 | 6.46 | 1.00–32.00 |
| PSS in the clinical range (score >13), % (n) | 289 | 45.7 (132) | … | … |
| STRAIN, count | 269 | 7.27 | 5.73 | 0–27 |
| STRAIN, severity | 269 | 20.99 | 18.02 | 0–90 |
| Racial discrimination | 265 | 1.49 | 0.90 | 1–6 |
| Social disadvantage latent factor score‡ | 289 | 0.00 | 1.00 | −2.24–1.56 |
| Psychosocial stress latent factor score‡ | 289 | 0.00 | 1.00 | −1.79–3.19 |
*More than one race reported for four infants (Black/African American–White = 2, Black/African American–Chinese = 2).
†Mean value across trimesters 1, 2, and 3.
‡Standardized values.