Fig. 1.

Location and types of temperature proxies that inform the PETM-DA. Data are plotted on the plate reconstruction of ref. 17, which is used in the deepMIP project boundary conditions (18) and for the climate simulations in this study. Squares indicate locations with pre-PETM data only, triangles indicate locations with PETM data only, and circles indicate locations with data for both the pre-PETM and PETM. ${\delta }^{18}$O, ${\delta }^{18}$O of planktic foraminifera; MBT, MBT${}_{Me}^{5\prime }$; Mg, Mg/Ca of planktic foraminifera; TEX, TEX₈₆.