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. 2022 Oct 21;8(42):eabp9767. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9767

Fig. 5. PCA of relative measurements of frontal pneumatization in all directions.

Fig. 5.

Red: P. paniscus; dark orange: P. troglodytes; light orange: G. gorilla; small pink dots: extant H. sapiens; purple: Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus; gray: H. naledi; dark green: H. erectus s.l.; light blue: H. heidelbergensis; light green: H. rhodesiensis; dark blue: H. neanderthalensis; large pink dots: H. sapiens. Hr, relative height of sinuses; Wr, relative width of sinuses; 2ALr, relative combined medio-lateral extension of sinuses in anterior view; 2APr, relative combined anterior projection of sinuses; 2SLr, relative combined medio-lateral extension of sinuses in superior view (the lines represent the direction and the loadings of these measurements along the two components; see Fig. 1 for the visualization of these measurements; the cube root of the volume of the pneumatization was used for trait size correction). Labels for fossil hominins are as follows: TM 266-01-060-01 (Toumaï), To; Sts 5, S5; Stw 505, S505; Sts 71, S71; Stw 573, S573; UW 88-50, U88; BOU-VP-12/130, BOU; SK 48, S48; DNH 155, D155; OH 5, O5; Stw 53, S53; KNM-ER 3883, ER; OH 9, O9; D2280, D1; D2282, D2; D3444, D3; D4500, D4; Trinil 2, T; Sambungmacan 4, S4; Sangiran 17, S17; Skull IX, SIX; Ngandong 1, N1; Ngandong 7, N7; Ngandong 12, N12; Ngawi 1, Nw1; Lesedi 1, Les; La Ferrassie 1, LF; La Quina H5, LQ; Guattari, Gu; Forbes’ Quarry 1, Gi; Krapina 3, K3; Krapina 6, K6; La Chapelle aux Saints, LCP; Spy 1, SI; Spy 10, SX; Feldhofer, F; Amud, Am; Apidima 2, Ap2; Tabun C1, Tc1; TD6-15, TD (yellow dot); Aroeira, Ar; HK 87, H87; H1024, H24; Sima de los Huesos Skull 5, Sh5; SHS12, Sh12; SHS13, Sh13; SHS17, Sh17; Ceprano, C; Petralona, P; Broken Hill 1, BH; Bodo, B; Zuttiyeh, Z; Steinheim, S; Jebel Irhoud 1, JI; LH 18, LH; Qafzeh 9, Q9; Cro-Magnon 1, C1; Cro-Magnon 2, C2; Cro-Magnon 3, C3; Pataud, Pa.