Table 1.

Categorization of the 47 identified supplements based on their association with bleeding outcomes and level of evidence to support the association

Category	Supplements included
Surgical bleeding (5)	Garlic; hawthorn; Cordyceps sinensis; echinacea; aloe vera
Anticoagulant-related bleeding (11)	Ginkgo biloba; chondroitin-glucosamine; melatonin; turmeric; bilberry; chamomile; fenugreek; milk thistle; peppermint; cinnamon; ginger
Platelet aggregation affected in humans (3)	Melatonin; flaxseed; grape seed extract
No effect on platelet aggregation (3)	Fenugreek; turmeric; spirulina
Bench research supporting bleeding potential (8)	Ashwagandha; black pepper; dandelion; evening primrose; feverfew; honey; lavender; lion’s mane
No clinical association with bleeding (3)	Fish oil; ginseng; saw palmetto
Unclear evidence (4)	St. John’s wort; ginger; ginkgo biloba; cranberry
Procoagulant properties (8)	Black cohosh; chlorella vulgaris; green tea; menthol; propolis; red yeast rice; honey; isoflavones
No evidence (8)	Acidophilus; apple cider vinegar; beet; elderberry; goldenseal; horny goat weed; tea tree oil; valerian