Table 3.

Biomarkers of insulin-glucose homeostasis in subjects with diabetes, prediabetes and no diabetes of the NHANES cohort and in lean healthy volunteers of the Clamp cohort.

	NHANES cohort			Clamp cohort
	No diabetes (n = 2403)	Prediabetes (n = 31)	Diabetes (n = 37)	Volunteers (n = 100)
HOMA-Beta	122.4 ± 2.2	111.1 ± 12.2	83.1 ± 10.8**	61.7 ± 4.8†††
HOMA-IR	3.2 ± 0.1	4.5 ± 0.6	4.2 ± 0.5	0.9 ± 0.1†††
QUICKI	0.34 ± 0.00	0.32 ± 0.01	0.33 ± 0.01	0.42 ± 0.01†††
SPINA-GBeta (pmol/s)	2.83 ± 0.05	3.29 ± 0.37	2.53 ± 0.31	1.01 ± 0.10†††
SPINA-GR (mol/s)	2.34 ± 0.04	1.57 ± 0.19*	1.86 ± 0.30*	8.77 ± 0.64†††

Shown are means ± SEM. p * < 0.05, ** < 0.01 compared to subjects without diabetes (comparisons for NHANES cohort only). ^†††p < 1e–15 for the comparison of the cohorts.