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. 2022 Oct 21;12:17643. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22271-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pigment composition and relative biomass contribution of algal groups at different locations on glaciers on Greenland. Pie charts show the contribution of various pigment groups to the total pigment pool in % as different colours. The pigments were grouped as: chlorophylls (chl a and b and pheophytin a), primary carotenoids (PPC; violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin), astaxanthins (trans-astaxanthin, trans-and cis-astaxanthin esters) and purpurogallin (comprising different derivative forms of purpurogallin). The individual contributions of A. nordenskiöldii, A. alaskanum and snow algae to total community biomass in % are shown as different colours in the bar charts. Data represent averages of three samples collected at each site. For % values see Supplementary Information Table S5. Map in (a) was created using QGIS v.3.16 (http://www.qgis.org)⁷⁸ and background in (b) shows a drone photo of the sampling transect on Mittivakkat.