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. 2022 Oct 21;12:17703. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22711-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates of sensitivity analysis for each autoimmune disease and COVID-19. Forest plot of Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates of 8 autoimmune diseases with COVID-19 infection, hospitalized COVID-19 and very severe COVID-19 using the multiplicative random-effects inverse variance weighting method after excluding genetic variants in the human leukocyte antigen region. The black color represents COVID-19 infection, the blue color represents hospitalized COVID-19 and the red color represents very severe COVID-19. MR estimates are reported as odds ratios per unit of log-odds of each autoimmune disease examined.