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Location of the study areas and the Talvivaara Ni–Zn–Co–Cu mine (operating from year 2008) and the Luikonlahti Cu–Zn–Co–S mine (operated during 1968–1983). The distribution of Precambrian schists rich in graphite and sulphides, so-called black shales, is from the black shale database of the Geological Survey of Finland (Arkimaa et al., 1999, 2000, Loukola-Ruskeeniemi et al., 2011, and Hyvönen et al., 2013)
