Table 4.

Review of the most recent studies using ERT to characterize AMD flows from mining wastes

References	Country	TSF / WRP	ERT setup	Remarks
Pierwoła (2015)	Poland Małopolska	TSF	2D ERT lines (x2) 27m to 90m	Delimitation of Zn-Pb tailings prone to AMD Gradation in sulfide content
Shafaei et al. (2016)	Iran Semnan	WRP	2D ERT lines (x4) 90m to 170m	TL-ERT to track AMD plume Identification of AMD source
Shokri et al. (2016b)	Iran Semnan	WRP	pseudo-3D ERT 65m x 75m	Modeling of $O_2$ diffusion to validate correlation between low $\rho$ and $Fe{S}_2$ oxidation
Tycholiz et al. (2016)	Canada Manitoba	TSF	VES (x2)	VES and electromagnetic used to map pH and $C{u}^{2+}$ Comparison with systematic sampling of tailings (2D)
Benyassine et al. (2017)	Morocco Drâa-Tafilalet	TSF	2D ERT lines (x5) 300m to 1200m	Imaging of potential AMD flowpaths in abandoned TSF Identification of fractures
Johnston et al. (2017)	United States Colorado	TSF	2D ERT line 500m	ERT mapping of potential diffuse sources of AMD Comparison with local geochemical and water EC
Casagrande et al. (2018)	Brazil Minas Gerais	WRP	pseudo-3D ERT 600m x 900m	Large-scale 3D mapping of AMD affected water Design of future reclamation
Bortnikova et al. (2018)	Russia Kemerovo	TSF	pseudo-3D ERT 350m x 500m	AMD flowpaths imaged with large-scale 3D-ERT Tailing volume calculation
Hudson et al. (2018)	United Kingdom Wales	TSF	2D ERT lines (x8) 100m to 120m	Mapping of contaminated streams, calculation of heavy metal efflux, identification of remediation strategies
Targa et al. (2019)	Brazil Minas Gerais	WRP	2D ERT lines (x4) 400m	Identification of flowpaths for AMD through fractures Mapping of sulfides in WRP
Casagrande et al. (2020)	Brazil Minas Gerais	WRP	pseudo-3D ERT 600m x 900m	Large-scale 3D mapping of AMD affected water Design of future reclamation
Lachhab et al. (2020)	Morocco Drâa-Tafilalet	TSF	2D ERT lines (x3) 630m to 790m	ERT combined with seismic to identify AMD pathways from TSF through fractures
Martín-Crespo et al. (2020)	Spain Murcia	WRP/TSF	2D ERT lines (x2) 120m	Combination of aerial photogrammetry and ERT to map AMD occurrence
Moreira et al. (2020)	Brazil Minas Gerais	WRP	pseudo-3D ERT 300m x 350m	Mapping of AMD affected water and preferential flow through fractured bedrock
Pierwoła et al. (2020)	Poland Małopolska	TSF	2D ERT lines (x2) 50m to 500m	Delineation of contaminated areas from AMD products and eolian transport