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. 2022 Jun 11;29(52):78330–78344. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21099-9

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix

Stat./Var. ECFP GREC PEC ECI OTT
Austria
Mean 6.02 45,570.74 7943.43 1.56 94.97
SD 0.31 2914.60 560.42 0.05 9.27
Maximum 6.55 49,078.90 8548.88 1.61 105.15
Minimum 5.56 39,443.90 6706.71 1.45 76.93
Switzerland
Mean 5.30 74,585.61 7919.16 1.87 107.33
SD 0.40 4704.72 305.41 0.09 13.56
Maximum 5.86 80,964.60 8360.58 2.05 130.89
Minimum 4.47 66,460.80 7468.88 1.75 87.74
Czech Republic
Mean 5.88 18,650.13 6189.76 1.47 122.73
SD 0.47 2736.10 315.84 0.20 24.28
Maximum 7.22 23,144.40 6557.05 1.69 157.58
Minimum 5.32 14,066.90 5493.85 1.10 84.42
Germany
Mean 5.20 41,233.66 6998.97 1.91 73.91
SD 0.26 3273.66 249.76 0.07 11.97
Maximum 5.69 46,907.80 7281.27 2.05 87.41
Minimum 4.70 36,285.90 6479.49 1.78 51.59
Hungary
Mean 3.66 12,933.17 3778.86 1.20 145.05
SD 0.41 1705.08 290.84 0.28 21.05
Maximum 4.63 15,912.00 4263.41 1.50 168.24
Minimum 2.93 9679.21 3215.68 0.71 107.43
Japan
Mean 4.89 44,421.52 8175.15 2.13 27.77
SD 0.27 2122.93 274.38 0.14 6.31
Maximum 5.28 48,510.60 8710.03 2.31 37.55
Minimum 4.44 41,098.00 7792.09 1.82 18.35
South Korea
Mean 5.49 20,872.59 8375.86 1.37 78.07
SD 0.51 4364.83 2020.02 0.40 15.14
Maximum 6.18 27,492.60 10,754.60 1.86 105.57
Minimum 3.86 12,877.40 4436.17 0.68 58.35
Singapore
Mean 6.73 43,358.38 8346.10 1.42 366.02
SD 0.62 8651.32 642.29 0.28 37.11
Maximum 8.26 57,527.60 9248.49 1.76 437.33
Minimum 5.85 30,116.50 6965.75 0.80 303.32
Slovenia
Mean 5.01 22,147.64 6585.40 1.34 124.95
SD 0.41 2557.30 504.12 0.16 19.93
Maximum 5.84 25,754.70 7230.69 1.55 157.28
Minimum 4.49 17041.50 5574.71 1.05 92.54
Sweden
Mean 6.33 50,803.04 14,766.89 1.75 82.38
SD 0.63 4716.58 869.46 0.05 4.80
Maximum 8.38 57,467.30 16,021.00 1.85 92.56
Minimum 5.28 41,247.60 13,457.50 1.68 74.34
Correlation matrix ECFP GREC PEC ECI OTT
ECFP 1
GREC 0.323*** 1
PEC 0.595*** 0.501*** 1
ECI 0.098 0.647*** 0.427*** 1
OTT 0.351*** -0.019 -0.089 -0.319*** 1

Source: authors’ compilation from Global Footprint Network (2021), Simoes and Hidalgo (2021), World Bank (2021), IEA (2021)

***, **, and * represent statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively